Regional problems

Arealogical characteristics of the Apoidea superfamily (section Apiformes – bees) fauna at Zeya Nature Reserve is presented by the author, based on the works by K.B. Gorodkov. We have analyzed the ranges of 134 native species from 6 families and 25 genera, currently collected in the southeastern part of the Tukuringra Ridge within the Reserve and its protected zone. Species are distributed into 20 types of ranges (chorological groups). Nine groups were distinguished by longitudinal component: Cosmopolitan (2 species – 1,5%), Circumholarctic (9 species – 6,7%), Amphigolarctic (6 – 4,5%), Transpalaearctic (50 – 37,3%), Eurasian (3 – 2,2%), Amphipalaearctic (22 – 16,3%), East Palearctic (11 – 8,3%), Siberian-Dalearctic (8 – 5,9%), Far Eastern (23 – 17,2%). By latitudinal component four groups were identified: boreal (6 species – 5,2%), subboreal (26 – 19,3%), temperate (18 – 13,5%), polyzonal (83 – 61,8%) – the most multispecies. There are no endemics inside the study area. Historically, the fauna has had an integral character, without any anthropogenic influence. The Zeya River, which borders the Reserve and flows in the south direction, has a great influence on biological diversity in general. The territory is characterized by a sharply continental climate.

As a result of the tectonic and metallogenichesky analysis of the probabilistic-deterministic gravity models reflecting rheological properties of geological mdia in the territory of the Far East region of Russia structures of the central type (SCT) of four hierarchical levels: 1) ‒ plumes, 2) ‒ regional South-Sikhote-Alin, 3) ‒ Dalnegorsk, Belogorsky magmatic dome structures, 4) - subvolcanic intrusion in the Sabolin ore area are characterized in 3D space. SCT of different taxonomical levels are characterized by identical concentric zonality of anomalies of density contrast and the areas of an ore mineralization corresponding to them. On the basis of coincidence of ore areas to deep anomalies of density contrast the model of metallogenic zonality of the crust in which probable fluid and magmatic sources of tin fields lie at a depth of 2–6 km, tin-polymetallic in the range of depths of 4–12 km, polymetallic 6–20 km, and gold-tungsten ‒ 14–24 km is developed. In the plume heads of the deepest level of generation of a gold-molybdate and copper mineralization locates in the asthenosphere at depths below 70 km. The second level at depths of 40–50 km corresponds to a viscous subcrustal layer of the upper mantle where there is an accumulation and redistribution of ore concentration of Au, Mo, Cu, Pb and Zn. The third level of fluid-magma-generation in the range of depths of 10–20 km represents a zone of the increased concentration of crustal magmatic centers ‒ sources of the granitoid magmas bearing the widest range of an ore mineralization (Au-Mo, Au-Ag, Cu-Mo-Au, Au-Pb-Zn, Au-W, W, W-Sn, Sn, Au-Sb, Sb).

The paper describes the process of solid phase extraction as a method of natural waters sample preparation, in particular thermal waters, for subsequent instrumental analysis of organic matter of medium volatility. The author outlines main steps of this process, which consist of concentrating the target compounds of interest in the sorbent, purifying them from impurities, and changing the initial matrix to a more suitable medium for chromatographic analysis. The main advantages of this method of sample preparation over traditional liquid-liquid extraction are the effective absorption of a large number of organic compounds and possibility to store them for a long time before analysis without changing their composition and concentration, using small sample volumes and organic solvents. Solid phase extraction is suitable for both in vitro and on-site water sampling applications, in this way making easier field investigations of hard-to-reach hot springs. This sample preparation method needs a laboratory and field setup, as well as a device for conditioning and elution of sorbents, their description also provided in this paper. It also presents the main results of a long-term study of medium volatile organic compounds in thermal and cold waters from geothermal fields in the Far East. The aanalysis was carried out by the solid phase extraction method with the use of silica gel (C18) sorbent cartridges and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the first time, a wide range of organic compounds have been identified for these deposits, including alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids and their esters in hot water. The origin of these components is related to thermocatalytic processes of biogenic organic residue transformation. Biogenic terpenes and steroids are widely spread in cold waters within geothermal field areas.

The authors assessed the state of the dendroflora of the only park of culture and recreation in Birobidzhan and gave recommendations for the improvement of its territory. They used inventory, analytical and theoretical research methods to describe the species composition of trees, their age structure and ecological state. In total, more than 2,000 specimens of tree plantations were studied, classified into 29 species, of which 4 dominate: elm squat (18% of all species), Manchurian ash (16%), sweet poplar (13%) and birch flat-leaved (7%). The assessment of the ecological condition of the dendroflora showed that 61% of the specimens are weakened, which is associated with anthropogenic and natural factors, old age and other reasons. It was noted that 27% of the trees are in emergency condition and require removal and replacement; 12% are characterized by a good ecological condition, their age does not exceed 20 years. The results of the work served as the basis for developing recommendations for specialized organizations to improve the situation with the of the town park dendroflora. They are: sanitary pruning, uprooting stumps, increasing the number of ornamental shrubs, systematic care, etc.

The author analyzes the structure and dynamics of the population monetary income at subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District and outlines general trends in their change over the past 7 years, based on the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) statistical data, information from the Federal subjects executive authorities, and on expert assessments. Monetary income is the most important part of the population life standards, being one of the life quality main indicators, providing daily needs of the population, its economic well-being and, in this way, the efficiency of the economy. The main factors of the population monetary income interregional differentiation in the subjects of the Far East have been identified on base of the assessment of average per capita monetary income of the population, its real monetary income , minimum wage, subsistence minimum, decile coefficient, Gini coefficient, and coefficient of funds. A structural and dynamic analysis of the population monetary incomes in the Russian Far East was carried out using the sources of their formation: wages, income from entrepreneurial activity, income from property, social payments, and other cash receipts. The main factors of the population monetary incomes interregional differentiation were defined for the studied region. To determine the population well-being level and disproportions in the formation of its monetary incomes at the regional level, the ratio of per capita monetary incomes, the minimum wage (MW) and the subsistence minimum have been analyzed by the author.

Currently, digitalization is the main trend in the development of global and domestic shipbuilding. It is assumed that shipbuilding digitalization will provide the automation of production processes and qualitative transformation of approaches and management methods. The authors have investigated the shipbuilding digitalization processes in the world and in Russia and the concept of digitalization, its features in the shipbuilding industry. It has been studied positive aspects of the shipbuilding digital transformation and analyzed its negative consequences. The authors highlight the global trends defining main directions in shipbuilding digitalization, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, digital twin, blockchain, 3D printing, and the Internet of things. The advanced approaches in this area in Germany, the Republic of Korea and Australia have been presented. Special emphasis is placed on the study of digital shipbuilding features in the framework of Industry 4.0. Special attention is paid to that in Russia. The authors highlight advantages, disadvantages, and key directions in the digital Russian shipbuilding formation and development. Some recommendations have been formulated for further development and digital transformation of the domestic shipbuilding industry.

The successful Amur rafting and signing of the Aigun and Beijing treaties with the Qing Empire ensured the Russian Far Eastern lands return in the middle of the XIX century. Subsequently, more than a dozen new settlements appeared on the left bank of the Amur River, including the future Jewish Autonomous region area. Some of them were founded by Koreans, whose exodus to Russia began in 1864. At the same time, Koreans voluntarily changed their religion from Buddhism to Orthodoxy. Because of the lack of land plots for them in the south of Primorye, the Russian government allowed the new Russians to partially relocate to other areas in the Far East, including the Amur lands. About five hundred people settled on the lands assigned to them by the Catherine-Nikolsky Cossack district at the confluence of the Samara River with the Amur. Here, in 1871, they founded their settlement. One of their villages, formed in 1871, was the village of Blagoslavennoye, named by the Koreans themselves in honor of the Christian blessing.

Subsequently, Korean settlements appeared at In station, the village of Tikhonkaya. There were small Korean schools opening there. Korean peasants more than enough provided the regional markets with vegetables and other agricultural products. The black days in the history of the Korean inhabitants of the Far East came in September 1937, when the Korean population was resettled in Kazakhstan.