


Vol 60, No 2 (2019)
- Year: 2019
- Articles: 21
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/1083-4877/issue/view/15562
Refractories in Heating Units
Development and Implementation of an Innovative Metal Receiver for a Slab CBCM Tundish
Abstract
Features are considered for working conditions of slab CBCM tundishes on the example of the 27-ton unit of the oxygen-converter workshop of PAO Severstal’. Results are provided for mathematical modeling of hydrodynamics in a tundish with different turbulence dampers for the inlet stream. The designed, patented, and implemented metal receiver (brand REINSTREAM®) with a wavy inner surface is intended to improve continuously-cast billet quality, as well as providing increased stability and productivity due to the special design.



Article
Optimized Processes for Flame Guncreting and Effective Guncrete Mortars for Hot Repairs to Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Equipment
Abstract
We have studied flame guncreting and the guncrete mortars used in ferrous metallurgy, as well as the use of flame guncreting to make repairs to linings without shutting down equipment, thereby improving the lining resistance of equipment used in non-ferrous metallurgy. A special guncreting mortar targeted to the specific operating conditions for these equipment linings was developed. It was found that a low-melting-point component or thermite mixture used for self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) can be added to the guncrete mortar to reduce the temperature. A guncrete machine was designed to handle this guncrete mortar. Testing of the new guncrete machines and guncrete mortars at non-ferrous metallurgy facilities showed a factor of 1.8 – 2.5 increase in the wear resistance of the linings.



Physicomechanical Properties and Phase Composition of Unfired Periclase-Carbon Refractories Based on Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Abstract
Possibilities for improving the physicomechanical properties of periclase-carbon materials by modifying phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) with organo-inorganic complexes are described. The composition of the modifying additives and phase composition of materials after PFR hardening are provided. The effect of modifiers on material structure formation is established. It is shown that introduction of ethyl silicate or hydrolyzed ethyl silicate into liquid PFR during charge preparation contributes to formation of SiC within the phase composition. It is concluded that it is rational to introduce ethyl silicate in an amount of from 0.66 to 1 wt.%, and it is promising to add nickel oxalate into a liquid PFR together with ammonium citrate to increase periclase-carbon material compressive strength up to 60 MPa.



Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering Temperature on the Properties of Transparent YSZ Ceramics
Abstract
A transparent submicron-grain sized cubic yttria-stabilized ZrO2 ceramics was obtained by spark plasma sintering in the temperature range from 1200 to 1400°C at a relatively low pre-pressing pressure (100 MPa). The produced ceramic samples have demonstrated high light transmission in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. The paper presents elastoplastic properties and microstructure of the ceramics and discusses the relationship between the optical and elastoplastic characteristics, as well as microstructure.



Cerium Dioxide-Based High Temperature Heaters for Operation in Air
Abstract
The paper discusses a possibility of developing cerium dioxide-based electric heaters for operation in air within the temperature range of 300 – 2500 K. The effect of various factors on electrical conductivity of CeO2 has been investigated. The main physical, chemical, and ceramic properties of the ceramics were established.



Properties of Ceramics Obtained Based on Mechanically Mixed Powders of Zirconium Hydroxide and a Dopant
Abstract
The results of studies of the structure, phase composition and specific surface area of powders based on zirconium dioxide obtained by the method of thermal decomposition of a mechanical mixture of hydroxide and a stabilizing additive are presented. The forming and sintering of ceramic samples obtained from calcined powders were studied, as well as some properties of the ceramics. It has been shown that fine-grained dense high-strength ceramics with a flexural strength of 860 MPa and microhardness up to 12 – 13 GPa can be obtained from the synthesized powders.



Evaluation of the Crack Resistance of Reactive Sintered Composite Boron Carbide-Based Materials
Abstract
The results of studying the crack resistance of reaction-sintered B4C–SiC composite materials impregnated with liquid silicon with identification and fracture methods are presented. With an increase in the amount of B4C in the reaction-sintered material, its fragility increases. The crack resistance of the material can be increased from 3.40 to 4.02 MPa·m1/2 (when tested by different methods) by adding to the composite material up to 30 wt.% SiC. The material is destroyed mainly by the intercrystalline (intergranular) mechanism. Ceramics containing more than 90 wt.% B4C, is partially destroyed by the transcrystalline mechanism.



Reduction of Alkali Content in Nepheline Sludge for the Production of Heat-Resistant Insulating Materials From it
Abstract
The results of studies of the reduction of alkali metal oxides in nepheline sludge are presented. The alkali-containing phase is sodium hydroaluminosilicate. The methodology of the experimental studies involved the preparation of a water suspension with a given W:S ratio, mechanical stirring, heating, aging and separation of the pulp on a vacuum filter. Atechnology has been developed capable of reducing the alkali content by 21% of the initial amount of alkali, which has increased the melting temperature by 310°C. Based on the obtained results, pilot plant was designed and refractory heat-insulating materials were developed where the expensive mineral raw materials are substituted with non-scarce man-made waste.



Impulse Laser Effect on Graphitized Surface of Y–TZP-Ceramics
Abstract
The role of a graphite layer on the surface of ceramics based on tetragonal zirconia, partially stabilized by yttrium oxide (Y–TZP-ceramics) under the action of a pulsed laser was studied using original methodology. It has been found that surface graphitization increases the fraction of absorbed laser radiation, and as a result, heating, melting and evaporation of Y–TZP-ceramics occur under less intense modes, favorably affecting the use of pulsed laser radiation for surface modification.



Oxide and Alumina Ceramics (Review). Part 3. Russian Manufacturers of Alumina Ceramics1
Abstract
This review provides the analysis of aluminum oxide, including the properties associated with its use, types of commercial products, production methods allowing for manufacturing aluminum oxide in dispersed state, in the form of polycrystalline ceramics and single-crystal products, as well as chemical aspects of the technological processes. Part 3 of the review provides information about Russian manufacturers of alumina ceramics mainly in the densified technical form), refractory materials, and dispersed alumina, as well as contains data related to composition and properties of the products, and a brief list of product lines. In addition, there is information about small businesses and organizations engaged in innovation and commercialization of the modern alumina ceramics.



Effect of Hercynite Spinel on the Technological Properties of MCZ Products Used for Lining Cement Rotary Kilns
Abstract
Magnesia-calcium zirconate (MCZ) composite products have been tested in the transition zones of cement kilns. Such products are of interest because they are environmentally safe and demonstrate high resistance when exposed to cement clinker at elevated temperatures. Such modifiers as hercynite spinel FeO·Al2O3 (FA) can be added in small quantities to MCZ products to enhance elasticity, improve their ability to form a protective coating on the lining surface, and create a reinforced structure. In this study, various FA amounts (2, 4, and 6 wt.%) were added to the MCZ-clinker made from magnesite and ZrO2 (9.8 wt.%). Next, the material densification parameters, cold compressive strength (CCS), severity of exposure to cement clinker components (CCC), and other technical characteristics of the products made from this material were studied. The maximum product strength was obtained upon introduction of 2 wt.% of FA additive, however, further increase in FA quantity was prevented by an excessive number of micro-cracks and glass-phase formation. The penetration depth of the cement clinker components into the MCZ-FA products decreased with an increase in the FA additive content. In other words, the penetration depth was lower at higher FA quantities. In addition, the behavior of the protective coating and thermal shock resistance of the products improved considerably upon increasing the FA content to 6 wt.%. The products with different FA content can be used for lining the cement rotary kiln zones, in which different protective coating formation conditions are observed.



Composite Ceramic Based on Silicon Carbide
Abstract
An effective method for preparing dense granular ceramic from SiC with a residual porosity of less than 5.0% is the use of additives of oxide system eutectic compositions. The effect of fine eutectic powder in the Al2O3–MnO–SiO2 system depending on the composition of the charge, compaction pressure and firing temperature on the sintering performance of granular SiC ceramics, is considered. It is established that after firing ceramic at 1250°C with 15 wt.% of eutectic additive, its porosity is 4.2%, and the ultimate strength in bending reaches (95±5) MPa.






Preparation of Light-Weight Refractory Based on Nonferrous Metallurgy and Oil Recovery Waste
Abstract
Research results show that it is possible to obtain high-quality lightweight refractories based on industrial waste (the clay part of the gravity tailings of zircon-ilmenite ores, non-ferrous metallurgy waste. and drilling slurry from oil production) without using traditional natural materials.



Features Determining the Melting Temperature of Slag-Forming Mixtures for Steel Continuous Casting
Abstract
A method for determining the melting temperature of a slag-forming mixture in a high-temperature microscope is described and indices of its accuracy are provided. The main parameters affecting results of determining the melting temperature of slag mixtures using the DSC method, and rational conditions for conducting experiments aimed at determining the liquefaction, melting, and slag spreading temperature are given.



Structure Formation in Ti/Ti–Al–C Layered Ceramic Materials Obtained by the Method of Unconfined SHS Compaction
Abstract
We present the results of the experimental investigations of the phase and structure formation in a layered ceramic material based on the MAX phase in the Ti/Ti–Al–C system obtained under the conditions of combination of combustion processes with high-temperature shear deformation (SHS compaction). We analyze the specific structural features of the developed material and the character of interaction between the products of synthesis and the surface layer of titanium substrate.



Influence of the Mechanical Activation of Reaction Mixture on the Formation of Microstructure of ZrB2–CrB Composites Obtained by Electrothermal Explosions under Pressure
Abstract
The ZrB2–CrB composites with a ceramic bond content of 80 wt.% and a relative density of 0.85 – 0.90 were obtained by the method of electrothermal explosion under pressure. It is shown that the mechanical activation of the source powder mixture decreases its heterogeneity and increases its reactivity.We also obtained a finely divided ceramic composite with homogeneous microstructure containing needle-like ZrB2 grains.



Design of Ceramic End Cutters for Innovative Technological Processes Performed with Regard for Their Stress-Strain State. The Choice of Ceramics. Part 2
Abstract
We study the inhomogeneity of stresses on the boundaries of the main structural elements of Al2O3-ceramics under the conditions of unsteady thermoelasticity, which are of especial importance for the development of recommendations concerning the choice of ceramics for the end ceramic cutters.



Production and Equipment
Resolution of the Problem of Expanded Clay Rubble Dust Formation
Abstract
Sources of powdered waste in processing clay and other ceramic raw materials for crushing and screening complexes are crushers, screens, and transfer units. A new structural solution for a fixed bar grizzly is proposed providing a reduction in energy consumption for ventilation. The area of the screening surface, linear dimensions of the grate for its required productivity, and also strength calculations for the grate cross section and assemblies for attaching them to the beams, are determined



Scientific Research and Development
Research in the Field of Composite Materials Based on HCBS and Refractory Materials Based on the System Al2O3–SiO2–SiC. Part 41
Abstract
The effect of prolonged heat treatment (single- and two-stage firing in a tunnel kiln) of specimens based on HCBS in the Al2O3–SiO2 –SiC system on their indices is studied. Specimens containing 15% SiC and 1 and 2% Si are characterized by a significant increase (up to 9%) in porosity and a reduction in strength compared with original specimens (without SiC) after prolonged heat treatment (120 hours in the range 1300 – 1400°C). significant increase in specimen volume is due not only to oxidation of SiC or Si, but also due to additional mullite formation. It is assumed that subsequently during oxidation of SiC at a certain stage of heat treatment there is mullitization due to the interaction of newly formed SiO2 in the form of cristobalite with bauxite Al2O3.



Ecology
Simulation of the Dust-Air Flow Near a Rotating Disk Cylinder Suction Unit
Abstract
We study a dust-air flow near a vertical rotating cylinder with suction unit placed on the lateral surface. On the basis of the developed computer model of this suction unit, we determine the influence of the disks mounted on the cylindrical surface on the intake air flow and on the capture of dust particles by the suction unit. We also determine the design and operating parameters of the proposed disk cylindrical suction unit promoting the decrease in the dust loss. The influence of the size of disks, their number, and the aspirated air flow on the dust removal is established. The proposed design of a rotating disk cylinder suction unit can be used in the aspiration shelters equipped with the function of dust-collecting chamber.


