Том 63, № 10 (2018)

General anesthesia (narcosis) is an induced, reversible inhibition of the central nervous system (CNS) with suppression of pain sensitivity, consciousness, motor, and vegetative activity during surgeries. The existing pharmacological theories provide no exhaustive explanation of the consciousness suppression mechanism, although mechanisms of other narcosis effects are well studied. The reason lies in the radical difference of the vertical construction scheme of CNS conduction pathways for organization of most of its perceptual and executive functions from the organization structures of the brain, which must be associated with processes of consciousness in information analysis and control command synthesis as a key synergetic factor of a self-organizing system. This makes it possible not only to explain the matter of phenomena of anesthesia through changing functional dynamic orderliness in the neural networks of the cerebral cortex, but also to control anesthesia depth and a patient’s condition in general with methods of self-organization analysis by informational richness of their regulation signals, monitoring fractal dimension trend of an entropy attractor generated at the same time.

Thermoelectric and thermoelectrokinetic phenomena have been studied in liquids that could serve as analogs for biological liquids, namely, physiological (Ringer’s) solution that is isotonic to blood plasma and iron (III) hydroxide colloid solution. The thermoelectric (Seebeck) coefficient and thermoelectrokinetic coefficient have been measured. The results indicate that the above phenomena are associated with the electrical properties of bioliquids representing charged colloids and may play an essential role in them.

The morphology, structure, and optical properties of polymeric compositions based on a natural sorbent Zosterin, methyl cellulose (MC), and a Poviargol (silver-containing preparation) are studied via atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). AFM studies show substantial changes in the morphology of the surface of obtained films from granular with different grain sizes (for Zosterin and an MC/Zosterin binary system) to spongy with nanopores and submicron pores on the surface (for an MC/Zosterin/Poviargol ternary system). Silver nanoparticles with different shapes and sizes are observed by TEM in the MC/Zosterin/Poviargol ternary system against the background of the MC/Zosterin polymer matrix which has fractal-type morphology. A reflection corresponding to zero-valent silver is found by XRD in the MC/Zosterin/Poviargol ternary composition.

In this paper, we describe a prototype for automated monitoring of the temperature of a person’s limbs. We developed a unit named “thermometric glove” for use in treatment of frostbite injuries. The thermometric glove is cable of measuring the surface temperature of a limb at several points of mounting, perform automatic recording, and store temperature values ​​in the internal memory. Two versions of the device and the results of approbation and experimental exploitation of prototypes are present.

An electrostatic problem has been solved for a dielectric inclusion consisting of an anisotropic core and a shell immersed in a homogeneous anisotropic dielectric medium (matrix) subjected to a uniform electric field. The outer boundaries of the core and shell are assumed to be ellipsoids, which are confocal after a linear nonorthogonal transformation that eliminates the anisotropy of the dielectric properties of the shell. Analytical expressions have been obtained for the potential and the electric field strength in the matrix, in the shell and core, and an expression for the inclusion polarizability tensor. A special case of inclusion with an isotropic shell is considered. The expressions obtained are applied to the case of an anisotropic sphere with an isotropic shell immersed in an anisotropic medium. It is also shown that in the limiting case of a homogeneous ellipsoidal inclusion in an anisotropic medium, the obtained result agrees with known solutions.

We developed a computer simulation program for investigation of solid self-sputtering under ion bombardment. The program is based on binary collision approximation, truncated Coulomb potential, and the model of local inelastic losses proportional to energy. As a result of simulation, the self-sputtering yield is calculated as a function of atomic number and ion energy. To verify the cascade simulation code, we created a self-sputtering theory for the case of hard sphere potential. Simulation results show good agreement with both experimental data and theory.

The temporally growing particular solutions of linearized equations of an incompressible polymeric liquid with strong discontinuities were constructed.

Experiments on initiating an electrical discharge with a developed streamer structure in atmospheric pressure air are described. The discharge was initiated in a quasi-optical linearly polarized microwave beam with a subcritical field. Air breakdown was initiated by an electromagnetic vibrator placed in free space, on the surface of a dielectric plate, and on the outer or inner surface of a quartz tube. From experimental data, the velocity of the discharge front propagation toward the wavevector of the electromagnetic wave has been estimated.

A phenomenological model of the nonlinear coupled electromechanical behavior of a polycrystalline ferroelectric piezoceramics under the complex multi-axis exposure is developed while considering sensitivity to the loading rate and is aimed at solving boundary value problems. The ability to describe creep effects and sensitivity of the hysteresis curves to the external exposure frequency is considered in the context of a single model. The predicted data are compared to the experimental results on macroscopic samples of PZT PIC 151 piezoceramic subjected to cyclic loading. The juxtaposition of theoretical data with those simulated via other models reveals better accuracy of the model proposed in the present study.

The evolution kinetics of nanopores located at triple junctions has been analyzed during low-temperature annealing of submicrocrystalline materials obtained by intensive plastic deformation. The influence of elastic stresses due to strain-induced disclinations at the junctions and of grain boundary nonequilibrium on nanopore kinetics has been studied.

On the basis of numerical simulation, specificities of the effect of dU/dt in 4H–SiC thyristor structures, related to realization of the recently discovered triggering α-mechanism are analyzed. It is shown that one of the manifestations of this mechanism is a catastrophic reduction in the voltage blocked by a thyristor with an increase in temperature of the structure. Practical ways of eliminating this effect are discussed.

Experimental data for the synthesis of ZnSe/Al₂O₃ nanostructures utilizing a technology widely used in integrated circuit (IC) production are reported. It has been shown that the refractive index and size of the coherent scattering domains grow, whereas the energy bandgap decreases, with an increase in ZnSe width. It has been supposed that samples with a ZnSe width of 9 Å contain a ZnSeO₃ compound and/or ZnSe ⋅ Al₂O₃ complex compound. Multilayer heterostructures with a ZnSe width more than 9 Å contain cubic ZnSe nanocrystallites.

With the aid of Mo/Be and Si/Mo interference mirrors, measurements of radiation intensity from laser plasma with Xe gas-jet target have been realized within a wavelength interval of 11–14 nm with a spectral resolution of 3–6 Å. The results are compared with the spectrum formerly measured with the aid of a spectrograph. The ratio of intensities at wavelengths of 11.2 and 13.5 nm has been found to be about 10 under experimental conditions studied.

High-intensity repetitively pulsed beams of low-energy aluminum ions are generated in experiments. A continuous vacuum–arc discharge is used as a generator of metal plasma. Aluminum-ion beams with a current density of up to 0.47 A/cm² are generated owing to the plasma immersion extraction of ions with subsequent ballistic focusing in the drift space of potential electrodes. Regularities of the generation of high-intensity ion beams are studied at a pulse repetition rate of 10⁵ pulses per second versus bias voltage ranging from 1.2 to 3 kV, pulse duration ranging from 2 to 8 μs, and residual gas pressure. Transport efficiency and beam focusing are determined by the conditions for neutralization of the space charge. Even under complete filling of the drift space with preliminary injected plasma, the conditions for neutralization of space charge are dynamically varied due to an increase in the space charge upon ballistic focusing. Experimental results are presented to prove formation of a virtual anode under conditions for insufficient plasma injection in the drift space of the beam. It is shown that the transport efficiency of the high-intensity beam may substantially be increased in the presence of argon in the experimental chamber.

A theoretical model predicting the spatial profile of a film grown on walls by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is developed. The possible initial nonverticality of trench walls and the dynamic variation of the aspect ratio of the structure in the process of film growth in nanosized trenches are considered in this model. The dependence of the resulting film thickness and conformity on ALD process parameters is studied theoretically.

A method is proposed and results on determination of absorbed doses under mixed gamma–neutron irradiation of biological samples on a horizontal channel of the IR-8 research reactor at the National Research Center Kurchatov Institute are presented.

A double-membrane sample-introduction system is described that enables mass spectrometric determination of volatile organic compounds in air, while ensuring their detection limits are as low as a few fractions of ppb of sample composition in real time with a response delay from a few seconds to a few dozens of seconds. It includes two membrane interfaces separated by a volume, the gas pressure in which is maintained through a channel with an adjustable evacuation cross-section. The results of numerical simulation and experimental testing of the system are provided. A technique for selecting and calculating system parameters is described. The possibility of using this system for diagnosing diseases by trace amounts of biomarkers in exhaled air is discussed.