Vol 61, No 12 (2016)

The results of modeling and an experimental study of electromagnetic (EM) waves in microwave range propagating along the surface of the human body have been presented. The parameters of wave propagation, such as the attenuation and phase velocity, have also been investigated. The calculation of the propagation of EM waves by the numerical method FDTD (finite difference time domain), as well as the use of the analytical model of the propagation of the EM wave along flat and curved surfaces has been fulfilled. An experimental study on a human body has been conducted. It has been shown that creeping waves are slow and exhibit a noticeable dispersion, while the surface waves are dispersionless and propagate at the speed of light in free space. A comparison of the results of numerical simulation, analytical calculation, and experimental investigations at a frequency of 2.55 GHz has been carried out.

Variational formulations of the problems of sessile and pendent drops are given taking into account the force of gravity in the axially symmetric case. Approximate expressions that describe the surface profiles of these drops by the asymptotic method for small Bond numbers have been obtained by the linearization method in the case of strong wetting.

Classical dynamics methods have been used to study the nonlinear vibrations of a CO₂ molecule. Consideration includes not only the anharmonicity valence angle, which enables one to explain the Fermi resonance, but also the physical nonlinearity of the force field (stiffness and softness of springs). In the farthest neighbor approximation (with regard to oxygen–oxygen interaction), a set of nonlinear differential equations in the Lagrangian form has been derived. Their analytical solution has been derived using the method of invariant normalization. The occurrence of a strange attractor has been discovered by numerical simulation. Recommendations for the selection of initial conditions are given that take into account the possibility of regular beatings that change into to chaotic beatings.

The flow of a viscous dielectric liquid surrounded with a gas is investigated in the process of capillary disintegration of a thin axisymmetric liquid layer on an undeformable cylindrical dielectric fiber in a uniform electric field is investigated. An asymptotic analysis of the system of equations and hydrodynamic boundary conditions written with allowance for surface ponderomotive forces is carried out for the case when the average thickness of the layer is much smaller than the radius of the fiber cross section. The problem of the transition of the liquid configuration from the state of a stationary cylindrical layer to the hydrodynamic state in the form of a regular sequence of drops is formulated. In this formulation, a nonlinear parabolic equation that describes the evolution of the local thickness of the layer on the time interval to the instant of drop formation is derived. The effect of the key parameters on the capillary instability is analyzed based on the linearized version of the resultant equation and the linearized electrostatic problem of calculating the field perturbations.

An approach to constructing two-phase state regions for real gases, the state of which is described by the modified van der Waals equation in the form proposed by R.L. Fogel’son and E.R. Likhachev, has been discussed.

The formation of electrically charged zones during the interaction of strain waves in an initially electroneutral plastic is considered. Experiments were performed on a vinyl plastic rod. The waves were excited by an impact by a bullet in the form a shorter organic glass or vinyl plastic rod against the end the rod. The experimental results have been compared with the proposed mathematical description.

It has been shown that, at the initial stage of the magnetization curve, the magnetic susceptibility of magnetic liquid determined as χ = Mμ₀/B (M is the magnetization, B is the magnetic induction in a sample) obeys the Curie law, and the magnetic susceptibility determined as χ = M/H (H is the magnetic field intensity in a sample) obeys the Curie–Weiss law. Since the Curie law is a particular case of the Langevin dependence, it is assumed that an experimental magnetization curve is described by the Langevin formula with a Langevin parameter ξ = PB/kT, where P is the magnetic moment of a particle and T is the temperature. Experimental verification has shown that, at parameter ξ, the mean relative deviation between the values of M measured and calculated by the Langevin formula is 5%. This deviation can be accounted for by the influence of dispersion of the magnetic moments of nanoparticles.

β-to-electric energy converters based on high-ohmic silicon, as well as processes that provide a high conversion efficiency, have been studied. It has been shown that the conversion efficiency is related to recombination in the space-charge region of converters at low levels of injection. A technique for determining the parameters of recombination centers that is built on new conversion algorithms has been developed. These algorithms make it possible to change the monotonic (and exponential as a whole) current–voltage characteristic of the device to a singular curve and find the parameters of recombination centers. These parameters have been calculated in a wide temperature range. Regions in the temperature–forward bias coordinates have been revealed in which recombination fluxes are captured by a recombination center, which influences the saturation current of the current–voltage characteristic and the conversion efficiency.

We have analyzed the effect of constant electric and magnetic fields on the micro- and substructure characteristics of the combustion products of aluminum nanopowder in air. It has been found that the combustion of aluminum nanopowder in a magnetic field leads to the formation of single crystals of the hexagonal habitus, while the combustion in an electric field results in the formation of faceted crystallites with layered morphology. The fields noticeably affect the crystal lattice parameters of aluminum oxide and nitride (reduce the coherent scattering regions in aluminum nitride and increase such regions in aluminum γ-oxide). At the same time, the displacement of atoms relative to the equilibrium position becomes noticeably smaller for all crystal phases under the action of the fields (except for aluminum nitride in a magnetic field). These results have been explained by the orienting and stabilizing actions of the fields on the combustion products of aluminum nanopowder in air.

Comparative analysis of the structural and optical properties of composite layers fabricated with the aid of implantation of single-crystalline silicon (c-Si) using Ge⁺ (40 keV/1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm²) and Ag⁺ (30 keV/1.5 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm²) ions and sequential irradiation using Ge⁺ and Ag⁺ ions is presented. The implantation of the Ge⁺ ions leads to the formation of Ge: Si fine-grain amorphous surface layer with a thickness of 60 nm and a grain size of 20–40 nm. The implantation of c-Si using Ag⁺ ions results in the formation of submicron porous amorphous a-Si structure with a thickness of about 50 nm containing ion-synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The penetration of the Ag⁺ ions in the Ge: Si layer stimulates the formation of pores with Ag nanoparticles with more uniform size distribution. The reflection spectra of the implanted Ag: Si and Ag: GeSi layers exhibit a sharp decrease in the intensity in the UV (220–420 nm) spectral interval relative to the intensity of c-Si by more than 50% owing to the amorphization and structuring of surface. The formation of Ag nanoparticles in the implanted layers gives rise to a selective band of the plasmon resonance at a wavelength of about 820 nm in the optical spectra. Technological methods for fabrication of a composite based on GeSi with Ag nanoparticles are demonstrated in practice.

The specific features of the photoluminescence of [nCaWO₄–(1–n)CaMoO₄]:Eu³⁺ solid solutions with the scheelite structure are examined using X-ray phase analysis and photoluminescence, Raman scattering, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The studied features are associated with a change in the long- and short-range orders of the crystal lattice upon variations in the composition of solutions in the range n = 0–1.0 (with a pitch of 0.2) at a concentration of red photoluminescence activator Eu³⁺ of 2 mol %. The mechanism of the modification of photoluminescence of solid solutions upon variations in their composition has been discussed. Anomalies in the variations in parameters of the crystal lattice, its short-range order, and luminescence spectra have been observed in the transition from pure compounds CaMoO₄:Eu³⁺ and CaWO₄:Eu³⁺ to solutions; the concentration of Eu³⁺ ions in the centrosymmetric localization increases (decreases) in the transition from the molybdate (tungstate). It has been demonstrated that the spectral radiant emittance of solid solution [0.4CaWO₄–0.6CaMoO₄]:Eu³⁺ (2 mol %) is the closest to that of an incandescent lamp.

A complex analysis of the dependence of the absorption coefficient of polymer composites with nonmagnetic carbon inclusions on the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity, as well as on the material thickness is performed in frequency range 26–37 GHz. The composites containing 0.2 wt % of carbon fibers have been obtained. It has been experimentally found that the corrugation of the composite surface substantially increases the absorbability (from 63 to 92% at a frequency of 30 GHz and a thickness of 4.50 mm) upon a decrease in the sample mass (by 28%). A method has been proposed for calculating the absorptance of corrugated composites in the microwave range.

Publications in scientific journals in which the authors attempt to experimentally prove that water, the most widespread substance on the Earth, is not a completely classical liquid, have become more frequent recently. This means, first, that water behaves as a solid at very low shear stress, i.e., does not flow, and, second, that the temperature dependences of its different properties are non-monotonic, i.e., possess singularities. We are aware of several such publications [1–5].