Том 61, № 9 (2018)

The base of measurement standards of the All-Russia Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements developed and employed by the Institute for metrological support of photonics technologies and products is described. The present condition and calibration capabilities of the state primary standards as well as the direction and outlook for further improvement of the standards are reviewed.

Results of joint investigations of the State Primary Standard of the unit of length, the meter (GET 2–2010), State Primary Special Standard of the unit of length (GET 199–2018), and State Primary Special Standard of the unit of length in the field of measurements of the geometric parameters of surfaces of complex form (GET 192–2017) are presented. The objective of the study is to confirm the metrological characteristics of the standards. As a result of the investigations, assurance of the uniformity of measurements of the unit of length in the Russian Federation is confirmed.

The basic characteristic, composition, and measurement capabilities of the State Primary Standard of the unit of surface density and unit of mass fraction of elements in coatings GET 168–2015 are presented. The role of the standard and of certified reference materials traceable to the standard in assurance of the quality of multicomponent and multilayer coatings is demonstrated.

A position-binary technology for processing the signals of a load caused by the weight of a rod string on the suspension of a sucker-rod pumping unit is proposed. The method may be employed for identification of the technical state of deep-well sucker-rod units. An algorithm for identification of the technical state of the unit is developed. An implementation of the new algorithm on an actual facility with the use of a remote system confirms the increased reliability of automated diagnostics.

We describe a 3D screen design and a methodology for using such screens to determine scatterer-particle parameters, and propose a technique for the use of 3D screens in the measurement of non-normalized moments (up to 6th order). We show that the non-normalized moments can be determined from the attenuation in light power produced by a series of 3D screens; the number of screens determines the order of the moment to be measured. The non-normalized moments provide information on the equivalent cross-section of the scatterer particles and the distribution function of particles over cross-sectional area.

Management and procedural principles underlying the operation and development of the Center for Collective Use of high-precision measurement technologies in the field of photonics for the purpose of assuring equal access of scientists to expensive research and measurement complexes, scientific equipment, and plants are set forth. A number of different procedural approaches to assuring an exhaustive integral supply of the Center for Collective Use with scientific equipment are considered using as an example the creation of a measurement and calibration complex for metrological assurance of measurements in the field of microwave photonics.

A capacitive sensor for measuring the amplitude and time parameters of high voltage pulses in the 5–300 kV range is developed. The rise time of the transient response is 1.5 ns and the decay time is 170 μs. The standard measurement uncertainty for the amplitude of the voltage pulses with this sensor is found to be 2.9% by calibration.

Problems that arise in the application of international and national standards for estimation of the quality of check tests of measuring instruments are considered.

An effective algorithm has been developed for detection and elimination of outliers and has been applied in processing data measurements in Global Navigation Satellite Systems. The algorithm is based on searching for an optimal solution for which the standard deviation and the maximum absolute deviation of the measured data from mean values do not exceed specified threshold values, and the number of the detected outliers is minimal. The algorithm was tested for the Melbourne–Wübbena linear combination formed from GNSS data measurements on two carrier frequencies.

A method is proposed for monitoring the suitability of a modular extended cylindrical shell of a rocket projectile. The method is based on direct measurement of the amount of entry during the shell installation process by outer bourrelets into the roller prisms, wherein the line of operation of the measuring device is perpendicular to the sides of the prisms. The proposed method of monitoring is compared with the traditional method, in which the radial runout of the middle bourrelet is measured also when the shell is installed by the outer bourrelets into the roller prisms. It was established that the new monitoring method is more effective in view of its greater objectivity and lesser labor intensity.

The operating principle of an optical high-resolution reflectometer running in the frequency domain (OFDR reflectometer) is examined. A mathematical model for measuring the parameters of fiber-optic systems using an OFDR reflectometer is presented. The accuracy characteristics of OFDR reflectometers are analyzed and the instrument accuracy is estimated quantitatively. Methods for calibrating OFDR reflectometers based on a distance scale are proposed and equipment for these methods is discussed.

The application of an AK-10 thermocontroller developed at the All-Russia Research Institute of Physicotechnical and Radio Measurements in the temperature control system of an acoustic gas thermometer makes it possible to improve the characteristics of this system. We performed temperature measurements with the use of an MI6020T bridge and demonstrate the possibility of stabilization of temperature of the resonator at a level of 15 μK. The total standard relative uncertainty of temperature measurements in the transmission of the values of temperature from the resonator to a resistance thermometer is reduced down to 0.25 ppm.

We develop a measuring complex for the evaluation of the immunity of radioelectronic equipment to intentional pulsed electromagnetic interferences. The proposed complex makes it possible to monitor the amplitude and time parameters of reproduced pulsed electromagnetic fields. It is shown that this complex can be used by designers in the development of unmanned transport, intellectual electric power distribution systems, and robotized systems.

Problems arising from using the sensitivity of a hydrophone across a field to measure underwater noise are considered. Using the example of calibration of a hydroacoustic receiver, methods are shown for obtaining the energy and sectoral energy sensitivities of a receiver and the advantages of using them in measuring environmental noise and noise during certification tests of a vessel.

The task of linearizing the characteristics of a radioisotope measuring device is considered. The process of nonlinear transformation of a stream of pulses with a Poisson distribution is analyzed. A method for the synthesis of the transformation function of a radioisotope device, taking into account the distribution law of the data signal, is proposed. The general formulas and methods for linearizing the calibration characteristic of radioisotope measuring devices are obtained. The results were used to linearize the characteristic of an albedo radioisotope density meter.

The technology of microelectronic resistive gas sensors is considered. Heater and thermistor contacts are formed on an oxidized silicon substrate by sputtering a nichrome film and subsequent photolithography in combination with reactive magnetron sputtering of a nanocrystalline tin dioxide film with terbium and antimony additives. A 1.5 × 1.5 mm sensor requires 90 mW for heating to optimal working temperature of 250–280°C. The sensor has very high sensitivity to alcohols and low sensitivity to benzene and acetone.