Vol 58, No 11 (2016)

This is a discussion of the characteristics of a cryogenic radiometer and monochromatic radiation source that form part of the National primary standard GET 213–2014 for the units of absolute and relative spectral sensitivity at wavelengths from 0.25 to 14.00 μm and are intended for calibration of photodetectors with respect to spectral sensitivity.

Preconditions for the creation and process of development of the Center of Metrological Assurance and Assessment of Compliance of Nanotechnologies and the output of the nano industry are considered. The organizational structure of the Center as well as the structure and function of its regional and branch divisions are described.

The principles underlying the construction of primary standard detectors and sources of ultraviolet radiation are considered. A double ionization chamber, proportional counter, and cryogenic radiometer with electrical displacement are used as the standard radiation detectors while synchrotron radiation the spectral characteristics of which are described on the basis of Schwinger’s theory serves as the standard source. Results of international key comparisons that confirm the high accuracy of the methods and instruments that have been developed at the All-Russia Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements (VNIIOFI) are presented.

We present the spectral analysis method of measuring phase shift from interferograms based on the differences between them. Limitations of the method are explained and ways of increasing its accuracy are clarified. We examine the effect of the phase shift value and additive noise on the measurement error.

A low-coherence interference microscope arrangement based on a common path shearing interferometer is proposed to obtain differential phase patterns of biological objects. The phase stepping method is used to reconstruct such patterns. Results are presented for experiments to study human blood erythrocytes.

Low- and mid-temperature blackbody models with operating temperatures in the range 80–1200 K are considered. These types of models function as components of verification systems for preflight calibrations of onboard optical radiometric space equipment operating in the infrared range of wavelengths. Radiation sources with tunable temperature and models based on fixed reference temperature points of the melting–solidification phase transitions of Ga and In are described.

The application of the method of predetermined currents, which takes into account bends in a circuit, for the purpose of calculating the transient response of the improved GET 178–2010 field-forming standard is considered. The input assembly in the field-forming system was changed, which made it possible to reproduce the standard pulses of an electromagnetic field with rise time up to 10 psec. The expanded uncertainty of reproduction of the units did not exceed 2.4% in the steady state.

Methods of determining the electrical and physical properties of radio-absorbing materials in the time domain based on probing with ultra-short electromagnetic pulses are discussed. A measurement system is proposed for determining the reflectivity and transmission of radio-absorbing materials at frequencies up to 40 GHz.

The electronic system for the absolute radiometer MAR-1, which is a part of the national primary standard GET 86-2010 for the units of spectral radiance, spectral intensity, spectral irradiance, radiant intensity, and irradiance at wavelengths of 0.2–25.0 μm, is described, along with the results of a comparison of it with the World Radiation Standard.