


Vol 69, No 1 (2023)
НЕЛИНЕЙНАЯ АКУСТИКА
Phase Conjugation of Sound Beams in Piezoelectric Semiconductors in an Alternating Magnetic Field
Abstract
The propagation of a linearly polarized transverse sound wave in a semiconductor layer with a certain crystallographic structure with a sufficiently high concentration of conduction electrons is considered. The semiconductor layer is located in a spatially uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of incidence of the sound wave and modulated with the sound frequency. The relationship between the plasma subsystem and acoustic oscillations in the layer is achieved due to the internal piezoelectric field. It is shown that propagation of a sound beam under these conditions is accompanied by a counterpropagating sound wave with a conjugated wave front. The conversion coefficient of direct and phase-conjugated waves is found.






Использование графических ускорителей при моделировании нелинейных ультразвуковых пучков с ударными фронтами на основе уравнения Вестервельта
Abstract
Рассмотрена задача ускорения алгоритма расчета нелинейных эффектов при моделировании высокоинтенсивных ультразвуковых пучков на основе однонаправленного уравнения Вестервельта. При построении численного решения для сильно искаженных волн с ударными фронтами необходимо учитывать большое число гармоник (до 1000) на пространственных сетках с размером матриц порядка 10 000 на 10 000, что требует обработки больших объемов данных и длительного времени расчетов. В данной работе реализация оператора нелинейности проводится во временном представлении с использованием удароулавливающей схемы типа Годунова, которая позволяет моделировать нелинейные волны с ударными фронтами с небольшим (3) количеством узлов сетки на ударном фронте. В работе проводится сравнение эффективности использования данного метода при его реализации на центральном процессоре (CPU) и графических ускорителях (GPU) по сравнению со спектральным методом, реализованным ранее для квазилинейного распространения волны. Проводится анализ скорости выполнения алгоритмов на CPU и GPU в зависимости от размеров массивов входных данных.



Quasilinear Approximation for Modeling Difference-Frequency Acoustic Wave in a Diffracting Pump-Wave Beam
Abstract
A quasilinear approach is considered to simulate generation of a difference-frequency acoustic wave by the interaction of two intense high-frequency diffracting pump beams with close frequencies. The boundary condition corresponds to dual-frequency excitation of an existing parametric source used for underwater research. It is shown that the linear field of primary waves has a high directivity with a total beam divergence angle of several degrees; therefore, the nonlinear-diffraction problem is solved numerically in the parabolic approximation. The pump wave field is calculated in the linear approximation; the solutions obtained at each step of the numerical grid along the beam axis are used to calculate nonlinear sources in the equation for a three-dimensional difference-frequency beam. The one- and two-dimensional distributions of the pressure field and the directivity pattern are analyzed for three values of a difference frequency. Numerical solutions obtained with realistic boundary conditions at the source and description of diffraction effects are compared with the known approximate analytical results for the quasilinear approach.



ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ АКУСТИКА
Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy with an Uncalibrated Microwave Path
Abstract
Acoustic resonance spectroscopy (ARS) is an informative analytical method that yields information about thicknesses and acoustic properties of layers in a multilayer structure representing a high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator (HBAR). Since the HBAR spectrum has many resonance features, the development of automatic methods for its processing is an urgent task. In this study, a method for extracting ARS data from a signal distorted by a RF measuring path without additional measurements of reference impedances (calibration) is proposed, which brings the spectrum to a form convenient for automatic processing and significantly expands the range of the ARS application. The method is especially relevant for processing HBAR spectra with a low excitation efficiency. As an example of such processing, the central frequencies and effective widths of more than a thousand resonant peaks are determined and, based on this, the frequency dependence of the acoustic attenuation is established for a new material: optical ceramics based on doped yttrium aluminum garnet nanoparticles.



Phonon Spectroscopy of Solid Dielectrics
Abstract
A method for studying solid dielectrics under conditions of nonstationary propagation of subterahertz phonons is presented. The method analyzes the transport characteristics of thermal phonons in the helium (He) temperature range (2–4 K) in diffusion mode and makes it possible to investigate the following: the kinetic characteristics of thermal phonons in single crystals of solid solutions; the contribution to phonon scattering from the concentration, type, and positions of a substitutional impurity, defects comparable with the wavelength (clusters, phase inhomogeneities, dislocations), low-energy excitations of various nature, including those associated with the formation of an equilibrium configuration of vacancies in the anionic sublattice with respect to substitutional impurity cations; equilibrium criteria in the system of nonequilibrium phonons–low-energy excitations; peculiarities of the phonon spectrum of nanostructured materials; the relationship between the diffusion coefficient of subterahertz phonons and the system of grain boundaries (GB), grain size, conditions for the formation of a “gap” in the phonon spectrum of nanostructured ceramics; spectral properties of GB, their relationship with the technological conditions of synthesis, to evaluate the average thickness and acoustic impedance of GB for a sample; the features of thermal phonon transport in amorphous dielectrics (glasses and glasslike materials) near the thermal conductivity “plateau,” the possibility of “gap” formation in the spectrum of phonon states; subterahertz phonon transport in ceramics based on ferroelectrics, electrolyte solid solutions, and cermets.



Improvement of Methods for Studying the Electrophysicala Viscous Properties of Liquids
Abstract
To control the physical properties of polar and nonpolar liquid media, the parameters of model systems based on paraffin and silicone oils, as well as glycerin, were measured using electrophysical and acoustoelectric methods. Electrophysical studies were performed with an Agilent E4980A LCR meter and a measuring cell consisting of an Eppendorf tube and two coaxial nickel electrodes forming a cylindrical capacitor. The permittivity of the liquid was determined from the formula for the capacitor. For the acoustic part of the problem, ST,X-quartz was used as the piezoelectric plate, on which a fluoroplastic cell for liquid was placed. The measurements were carried out in three stages: measurement of the phase and amplitude of the acoustic wave (i) without contact with the liquid, (ii) in contact with a pure test liquid, and (iii) in contact with the test liquid with a filler. Microparticles of pharmaceutical activated carbon and the surfactant sorbitan monooleate were used as fillers. The viscosity of the suspensions was determined from the difference between the attenuation of an acoustic wave in the presence of the pure liquid and liquid with filler.



АКУСТИКА ОКЕАНА. ГИДРОАКУСТИКА
The Acoustic Center of a Measuring Hydrophone
Abstract
Various approaches to the formulation of the definition of an acoustic center of a transducer and the problems arising when using them for experimental determination of the acoustic-center position are considered. The reasons for which the formulation and the corresponding method for determining the position of the acoustic center of a microphone are not suitable for a hydrophone are discussed. An experiment is described that demonstrates the proposed method for experimentally determining the position of the acoustic center of a hydrophone during its phase calibration by the reciprocity method.



Spatial Processing of Acoustic Signals in Oceanic Waveguides on a Wind Noise Background
Abstract
The articles studies how the correlation characteristics of noise generated by wind sources affect the efficiency of spatial processing of signals received by a horizontal array in oceanic waveguides with a rough sea surface. The array gain values are analyzed for three spatial processing methods: the standard PA method, optimal linear processing, and optimal quadratic processing. Numerical simulation results for winter hydrological conditions in the Barents Sea and Pacific Ocean are presented. The authors focus on dependence of the array gain on the distance to the source. The array gain values calculated using the wind noise model and traditional noise model uncorrelated on its elements are compared.



ОБРАБОТКА АКУСТИЧЕСКИХ СИГНАЛОВ.
Estimation of the Thickness Profile of a Human Skull Phantom by Ultrasound Methods Using a Two-Dimensional Array
Abstract
The paper presents the results of evaluating the thickness profile of a skull phantom using a two-dimensional ultrasound array consisting of piezoelectric elements with a center frequency of 2.1 MHz. Two pulse-echo ultrasound methods were used in the experiment: the A-mode elementwise measurements and scanning with a focused probing beam created by the entire array using delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming. The obtained thickness profiles are compared with the reference thickness profile obtained using X-ray computed tomography. It was shown that ultrasound DAS beamforming with a focused probing beam makes it technically possible to estimate the thickness profile of the skull phantom.



АКУСТИКА ЖИВЫХ СИСТЕМ. БИОМЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКУСТИКА
Кавитационная активность водных суспензий пористых кремниевых наночастиц с различной степенью гидрофобности поверхности
Abstract
Исследована зависимость порогов акустической кавитации в водных суспензиях наночастиц пористого кремния (пКНЧ) от степени гидрофобности их поверхности. Наночастицы со средним размером 100 нм изготавливались механическим измельчением пленок пористого кремния (ПК) в этаноле. Согласно данным ИК-спектроскопии, такие пКНЧ исходно характеризуются гидрофильной поверхностью. Для получения амфифильных (гидрофобно-гидрофильных) наночастиц, пленки ПК перед измельчением гидрофобизировались путем модификации поверхности октадецилсиланом. При измельчении в этаноле гидрофобных пленок ПК до наночастиц, происходит разрыв кремний-кремниевых связей с последующим их окислением, за счет чего поверхность частично гидрофилизируется. Показано, что порог акустической кавитации в суспензиях амфифильных пКНЧ существенно снижается по сравнению с гидрофильными КНЧ. Величина порога акустической кавитации в суспензии амфифильных наночастиц с концентрацией 1 мг/мл оставалась практически постоянной в течение 5 дней. Полученные результаты важны для разработки методов сонодинамической терапии раковых заболеваний с использованием пКНЧ.



The Role of Asymmetry of the Left and Right External Ear of Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Spatial Localization of Sound
Abstract
It is generally accepted that Odontoceti lost their external ears (pinnae) in the process of adapting to aquatic habitats. However, their hearing localizes sound with an accuracy of 1° in the frontal and median planes and is directional. These facts indicate the presence of morphological structures functionally performing the role of evolutionarily new external ears adapted to the aquatic environment. The data available to date suggest that this role is played by the left and right row of mental foramens (MFs) and the morphological structures of the rostrum and skull of the dolphin. In this study, for the first time for Odontoceti, the paths of sound travel along MFs and mandibular canals of the lower jaw of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) are measured, and the relative time delays of sound between the MF and the degree of their acoustic shielding by the rostrum and skull depending on the localization of sound in space are calculated. It was established that the left and right outer ear form unique temporal and spectral signs of the spatial localization of sound with a maximal accuracy realized rostrally. Localization mechanisms are based on asymmetry, including rostral–caudal and left–right mutually complementary asymmetry of MF architecture, dorsal–ventral asymmetry in the size of the rostrum, as well as rostral–ventral asymmetry in the position of the left and right row of MFs on the rostrum and rostral–caudal asymmetry in the sizes of the rostrum and skull. Thus, unlike the outer ears of terrestrial animals and human beings limited by the auricles, the outer ears of the dolphin are integrated into the streamlined shape of the rostrum and head of the dolphin, which reduces the resistance to its movement from the water side and, most importantly, does not worsen the signal-to-noise ratio of the flow around it in its hearing with increasing speed. Based on the morphology similarity of Odontoceti, it is natural to assume that their MFs and the morphological structures of the rostrum and skull play the role of external ears and form signs of spatial localization of sounds.



ИНФОРМАЦИЯ
Юрий Васильевич Петухов (К 70-летию со дня рождения)


