Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes in Major Drinking Water Sources of Baghdad City
- Authors: Ewaid S.H.1, Rabee A.M.2, Al-Naseri S.K.3
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Affiliations:
- Technical Institute of Shatrah
- Department of Biology, College of Science
- Environment and Water Directorate
- Issue: Vol 45, No 5 (2018)
- Pages: 803-812
- Section: Hydrochemistry, Hydrobiology: Environmental Aspects
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0097-8078/article/view/174698
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807818050202
- ID: 174698
Cite item
Abstract
Three standard methodological approaches used for carcinogenic risk assessment of the four trihalomethanes (THMs) species: Dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2), Bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br), Bromoform (CHBr3) and Chloroform (CHCl3), in water collected from public water supplies which included main water source (raw water of the Tigris River), water treatment plants (treated water) and distribution system (tap water) in Baghdad City. The total concentration of THMs ranged between 13.78 and 63.1 μg/L in winter and summer respectively. The occurrence of THMs followed the given order: CHClBr2 (36%) > CHCl2Br (27%) > CHCl3 (25%) > CHBr3 (12%). The annual levels of THMs concentrations in the distribution networks of Baghdad City ranged between 12 and 97.3 μg/L in winter and summer, respectively, and followed the given order: CHClBr2 (37%) > CHCl2Br (33%) > CHCl3 (21%) > CHBr3 (9%). The World Health Organization (WHO) index for additive toxicity approach was in compliant with the WHO guideline value, and does not pose any adverse toxic health impacts. The hazard index does not suggest any potential noncancer risk to the exposed population, whereas the total multi-pathway cancer risk analysis suggests that total cancer risk exceeds the USEPA acceptable level of 10–6.
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About the authors
Salam H. Ewaid
Technical Institute of Shatrah
Email: adelmashaan@yahoo.com
Iraq, Shatrah
Adel M. Rabee
Department of Biology, College of Science
Author for correspondence.
Email: adelmashaan@yahoo.com
Iraq, Baghdad
Saadi K. Al-Naseri
Environment and Water Directorate
Email: adelmashaan@yahoo.com
Iraq, Baghdad
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