编号 1 (2023)

The formation of metal-bearing coalfields of the Raichikhinskoe deposit in the conjugation zone of distributive provinces of the Bureya uplift and coal-accumulation areas of the Zeya–Bureya sedimentary basin was studied. It was established that it occurred under conditions of the successive extraction of ore components from weathering crusts of the Bureya uplift, transportation, and unloading in the paleodelta of the Bureya River. These processes proceeded synchronously with volcanic activity in the Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt, which is associated with the supply of volcanic ash. The association of these events made it possible to distinguish two types of enrichment of the Raichikha coals in rare earth elements and yttrium (REY): terrigenous with the supply of REY by surface waters and combined terrigenous volcanogenic associated with the shedding and leaching of acidic and alkaline volcanic ash. The cerium group lanthanides predominate in coals and their combustion products. The largest fraction of REY was contained in fly ash (0.11% on a total weight basis). The mechanisms of accumulation of ore components at the stage of peat deposits are considered from the standpoint of the localization of trace ore components as clastogenic mineral forms and under the conditions of interaction of ore solutions with the organic environment of peat bogs. The quality of REY was assessed, and the most enriched sections of the Verkhnii layer were identified. Prospects for the extraction of lanthanides from coal are considered from the standpoint of the possible recovery of a number of rare, nonferrous, and noble metals in this process.

Versions of the production of environmentally friendly components of motor fuels using the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the used radial reactors are analyzed. Research on the development of a domestic technology for the production of synthetic liquid fuels from natural gas on a bench-scale process plant, which was used to solve the problems of hydrogen utilization, is described. Based on the results of this work, conclusions that allow the development of a promising scientific and practical direction were drawn.

The carbonization of carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, and starch) in an inert gas atmosphere of argon and under the action of calcium chloride and iron(III) chloride additives was studied. It was established that the addition of calcium and iron(III) chlorides exerted a peculiar catalytic effect on the carbonization process. Carbon production can be carried out at lower temperatures to 200°С. In traditional methods of synthesis, carbonization upon the decomposition of carbohydrates occurs at temperatures of 300–800°C. It was found that the process of carbon production was accompanied by the release of heat, which was confirmed by thermodynamic calculations of the chemical reaction of carbon production and experimental studies of the carbonization of carbohydrates by differential scanning calorimetry. A regular decrease in the yield of carbon, as compared to a maximum theoretically possible one, was observed in the order glucose > sucrose > starch. It was established that the heat of combustion of carbon obtained upon the carbonization of carbohydrates under the action calcium and iron chlorides reached 34 MJ/kg or more due to the presence of structural fragments that do not occupy energetically favorable positions compared to the graphite structure. The presence of the structural fragments of carbon was established by X-ray phase analysis of powder diffraction patterns.