编号 11 (2025)

Soil organic matter is considered as a system of interlinked pools. Structural (particulate organic matter (C-POM), mineral-associated organic matter (C-MAOM) and chemically inert organic matter (C-IN)) and process-related (potentially mineralizable organic matter (C-PM), microbial biomass (C-MB) and chemically oxidizable organic matter (C-OX)) pools are isolated by biophysicalchemical fractionation, and functional (active, slow, passive) pools are conceptually distinguished based on different turnover rates of the carbon contained in these pools. Agricultural use leads to the loss of organic carbon by arable soil and proportional depletion of all carbon pools compared to virgin lands. The organic fertilizer system, compared to the mineral system, promotes recarbonization of arable soil with the accumulation of carbon mainly in POM and in the slow pool of soil organic matter. The scales of low, medium and high carbon content of structural and process-related soil pools were proposed.

New strains of phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms isolated from common chernozem of the Kabardino-Balkarian republic steppe zone were studied and a comprehensive assessment of their effect on the phosphate diet of agricultural plants was carried out in a 36-day model experiment. Pre-sowing bioactivation of the soil with 7 new strains of phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms was carried out. The commercial biopreparation Phosphatovit, created on the basis of the strain Paenibacillus mucilaginosus Pm 2906, was used as a reference, tap water was the control. As a test, barley seeds were used, which were sown on the 10th day after the introduction of microorganisms into the soil. Along with the indicators of the phosphate regime of chernozem (mobile phosphorus content and phosphatase activity), the agrobiological parameters of the soil were evaluated: basal respiration and the content of carbon extracted by hot water (S_eg). The determinations were carried out at 3 time points: before the introduction of microorganisms, on the 10th day of incubation and 21 days after the appearance of seedlings. For a deeper understanding of the processes occurring in the soil, all analyzed samples were divided into 2 fractions: fine-earth ((< 1 mm) and skeletal (> 1mm). It was found that 3 of the 7 strains (FM-18, FM-19, FM-20) showed signs of versatility, which allows them to be considered as the basis for creating commercially effective phosphorous microbiological fertilizers. Their application increased the intensity of soil respiration by 168–573%, phosphorus accumulation in barley plants by 21.4–50.0%. Under their influence, on the 10th day after application the phosphatase activity of the fine-earth part of the soil increased by 4.9–72.3% relative to the reference variant.

The effectiveness of the use of Azolene^® biologicsal preparation to reduce stress in plants of soft spring wheat of the Ekada 113 variety caused by drought and treatment with the herbicide Chistalan^® was evaluated. In a laboratory experiment, soil drought was artificially created, plants were sprayed with an aqueous emulsion of the herbicide (0.1% solution), an aqueous solution of the biological product, а mixture of equal quantities of solutions of the herbicide and the biological preparation. The field experiment was conducted in 2020–2021 in the Baymak district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, both years of the growing season were characterized by atmospheric and soil drought. In the field, the plants were treated once in the tillering phase with the herbicide Chistalan^® (0.7 l/ha) or the biological preparation Azolene^® (2.0 l/ha), or a tank mixture of the biological preparation and the herbicide. It was found that treatment with the biopreparation under stressful conditions led to activation of the antioxidant system of plants (a 1.4-fold decrease in the amount of malondialdehyde in leaves), reduced the suppression of root and shoot growth by 15.0–18.8% caused by the use of the herbicide. In the field, the application of the biological preparation (including in combination with the herbicide) caused an increase in the number of productive stems by 1.3–1.6 times and an increase in the number of grains in an ear by 1.3 times. In general, against the background of drought, the use of Azolen^® biologicsal preparation increased wheat yields by 1.3 times, and the combined use of the herbicide treatment and biopreparation by 1.6 times. The obtained results gave reason to believe that the microbiological biological product can be used as an antidote that weakens the phytotoxic effect of herbicidal treatments, including in conditions of drought. Funding. Исследование выполнено в рамках Государственного задания Минобрнауки России по темам № 122031100163-4 и 122031000309-7 с использованием оборудования ЦКП УФИЦ РАН “Агидель” (Уфа, Россия).

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is an agricultural crop that is low-income in terms of the range of herbicides allowed for use during its growing season. We studied the biological and economic effectiveness of the use of a new domestic combined herbicide Sebring SК (metamitron 350 g/l + ethofumezate 150 g/l) for seedlings of weeds in white lupine crops in the phase of cotyledons of dicotyledons and the first leaf of cereal weeds, when lupine plants formed from 2 to 4 true leaves. The studies were conducted in 3 regions of the Russian Federation: Omsk, Belgorod and Astrakhan Oblasts during 2 growing seasons of 2021–2022 in accordance with generally accepted methods of studying herbicides in the field. The accounting of weeds was carried out using the quantitative and weighting method. The greatest effectiveness of the herbicide Sebring SК was noted in the Belgorod Oblast: the use of the 2.0 l/ha preparation rate reduced the total number of weeds by 76.2%, their weight decreased by 93.2–93.9%, and the 4.0 l/ha application rates resulted in 91.1 and 97.1–97.4%, respectively. The studied drug most strongly suppressed the following types of weeds: common hemp-nettle, redroot pigweed, cleavers, and black bindweed, was effective against annual yellow woundwort and field pansy. White goosefoot and common sandbur showed average sensitivity to the studied drug. The largest yield increases in physical terms from the use of the herbicide Sebring SK were obtained in the Belgorod Oblast (Dega variety) – 4.5–5.9 c/ha. In 5 of the 6 experiments conducted, the yield increases were statistically significant: in the conditions of Omsk Oblast. (Dega variety) they ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 kg/ha, in the conditions of Astrakhan Oblast (Start variety) – 1.8–2.2 kg/ha.

Carbon accumulation in the crop yield on common chernozem and in the application of biologization and chemicalization agents in 4 links of field crop rotation was determined. The use of organic fertilizers (cattle manure and siderates), as well as mineral fertilizers, ensured the average annual intake of carbon into the soil, exceeding its alienation with the harvest. The application of manure at a dose of 30 t/ha ensured the accumulation of carbon in the soil from 5 to 10 t/ha, the carbon consumption with the alienated part of the crop was maximal in the first (peas, winter wheat, corn for grain) and fourth (oats, peas, winter wheat) links of crop rotations (from 9 up to 12 t/ha). Carbon sequestration in plant biomass increased with the use of various methods of tillage, manure, mineral fertilizers, seed inoculation and microbial preparation treatment. The maximum carbon accumulation in plant biomass occurred during the cultivation of corn (8.1 t/ha), followed by winter wheat (7.9 t/ha), oats (4.4 t/ha) and peas (3.7 t/ha). The maximum carbon removal from the field was observed during the cultivation of winter wheat (5.2 t/ha, or 66% of the total volume), followed by oats (2.7 t/ha, or 61%), peas (2.5 t/ha, or 66%) and corn for grain (2.1 t/ha, or 26%). The maximum carbon input into the soil occurred in the links of crop rotation with corn for grain, oats and peas (6.4 t/ha), and winter wheat, corn and oats (5.95 t/ha). Sideral crops increased the positive carbon balance to 3.5–5.5 t/ha, and manure at a dose of 30 t/ha increased from 2.5 to 4.5 t/ha. Mineral fertilizers increased carbon intake into the soil by 2–3 times, and the biological product provided a tendency to increase carbon accumulation. The maximum positive carbon balance (3.9–4.5 t/ha) was formed when cultivated in crop rotation with corn for grain, the minimum (3.0 t/ha) – when growing only ear crops.

The data of 44-year field experiments with permanent crops of peas and potatoes in the chernozems of the Kursk Oblast are analyzed. Long-term trends in the yield of pea grains and potato tubers were significantly decreasing with reaching consistently low levels. The possibility of a correlation between a decreasing trend in yield and a decreasing trend in solar activity over the same time period is shown. The decrease in yield was accompanied by significant cyclical fluctuations with a period of mainly approximately 7 years. It is shown that this cycle duration is close to the cycles of weather conditions in a given area. The long-term yield dynamics of the variants significantly differed from each other according to the algorithm of conjugate samples. At the same time, the average long-term yields for the entire period of the experiment only for the control potato variant differed significantly from the variants with fertilizers. A preliminary conclusion was made that, given the nature of the temporal dynamics of yields, the second approach to comparing options turned out to be more crude than the first.

Various aspects of the use of sorption technologies for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and soils of coal dumps were considered. Special attention is paid to the use of biochar (biochar coal) both separately and in combination with the addition of various associates of microorganisms.