№ 9 (2023)

Within the framework of the program on the subject of the state task in 2021–2022, studies were conducted on changes in the indicators of effective fertility in space and time under the influence of forest strips of various landscape accessories (forest strip No. 40 on the watershed, forest strip No. 72 on the slope). All works were performed in the Voronezh FASC named after V.V. Dokuchaev. It was found that the soils of the watershed area were characterized by the greatest availability of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The provision of soils with nitrate nitrogen during the growing season in the watershed and slope areas was at the same level. The watershed area was characterized by a decrease in the amount of mineral elements on the soils of the deposit and the edges of the forest strip No. 40. As for the forest strip itself, the maximum indicators were noted in the center of the forest strip, gradually decreasing in the direction of the edges. Considering the indicators of fertility of arable land, it was noted that they increase at a distance from the forest strip, their maximum was detected at a distance of 75–150 m from the forest strip. On the arable land adjacent to the Baltic forest strip No. 72, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium was noted when approaching the forest strip. The content of nitrate nitrogen, on the contrary, decreased downhill, reaching a minimum near the forest strip. It is proved that by the end of the growing season, the content of nitrate nitrogen and exchangeable potassium increased in the watershed, and the content of mobile phosphorus decreased. At the slope site, by the end of the growing season, there was an increase in all the studied fertility indicators.

A study in a stationary field experiment on gray forest soil of the Tomsk region proved the advantage of biologization of agriculture with the use of biological resources of agrocenoses (straw and siderates) in the grain-steam crop rotation. Regular application of only N45 before sowing provided an average increase in grain yield of 4.3 c/ha (by 26%), straw without nitrogen – by 1.3 c/ha (by 7.5%). When applying straw with nitrogen for 20 years, an increase in yield was obtained, not exceeding the total effect of nitrogen and straw – 5.1 c/ha (by 30.7%). The use of sideral steam against the background of regular application of straw provided an increase in the yield of grain crops by 3.8 c/ha (by 22.4%). After 20 years of the experiment, the average humus content in the arable horizon decreased by 9.6% from the initial when using pure steam without fertilizers. In order to preserve the potential fertility, the introduction of only straw and (or) mineral nitrogen in this case was also insufficient. At the same time, the lateral steam and regular application of straw ensured the preservation of the humus content in the arable horizon at the initial level. During 4 rotations (2001–2021) of the grain-steam crop rotation, the increasing efficiency of sideral steam was noted against the background of regular use of straw as fertilizer compared to the pure steam variant: in the 1st rotation, the yield of grain crops in these variants was at the same level, in the 2nd – the yield after sideral steam was 11.7 more% more than after pure steam, in the 3rd rotation – respectively 18% more, and in the 4th rotation, sideral steam provided better grain yields than after pure steam (an increase of 36.5%).

Data on the use of pesticides by hazard classes and the use of drugs by chemical classes and active substances from 1990 to 2021 are presented.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of bacteria that stimulate plant growth and humic substances on the content of chlorophyll, nitrogen balance index, cytokinin concentration, abscisic acid in wheat plants grown in drought conditions. The accumulation of the raw mass of wheat plants during treatment with a strain of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 2,4-D bacteria and humic substances with a deficiency of soil moisture is shown. Stimulation of plant growth is associated with the activation of root growth, which led to an increase in the nitrogen balance index and chlorophyll concentration in the treated plants. The detected increase in the concentration of chlorophyll in plants treated with P. plecoglossicida 2,4-D correlated with a decrease in the content of abscisic acid in shoots, and in plants treated with humates – with an increase in cytokinins in shoots. A higher efficiency of plant treatment with a combination of bacteria and humic substances than any of them individually may be associated with the additive effect of these treatments on hormonal balance.

Triticale grain crop is promising for cultivation in various regions of central Russia. Stable yield, high resistance to adverse conditions, allow us to consider this cereal plant as a reliable source of food production. The purpose of this study was to quantify the content of active α-amylase in triticale grain to provide a forecast of agrotechnical measures. The analysis of the quantitative content of  α-amylase was carried out on a laboratory spectrofluorimeter using standard bioassays conducted on the basis of a set of reagents for determining the activity of  α-amylase in blood serum and urine; the conversion factor for calculating enzyme activity was calculated using a multiparametric calibrator of biochemical analyzers. To improve the methodology for the determination of  α-amylase in real samples of plant raw materials, flour of winter triticale varieties grown in the field was used. Based on the results of measuring the activity of  α-amylase in triticale grain, a comparative assessment of the enzyme content in the flour of grain crops of 2020 and 2021 was carried out; the dependence of pre-harvest seed germination on the content of  α-amylase in grain of various varieties, lines and hybrids was shown. Based on the data obtained on the content of  α-amylase in triticale grain, a comparative assessment of the characteristics of pre-harvest seed germination was carried out. The indicator of the quantitative content of  α-amylase can be recommended for use in the diagnosis of pre-harvest germination of grain, as well as in breeding work when creating new varieties of grain crops.

When using by-products and wastes of industrial and agricultural production (phosphogypsum (PG) and turkey litter (TL)) as a fertilizer, it is necessary to take into account not only the content of nutrients, but also environmental safety, including the presence of toxic elements. A small-plot field experiment was conducted on slightly eroded agrochernozem in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Cis-Urals. PG was applied once at doses of 5, 10, and 20 t/ha; TL – in doses of 40 and 60 t/ha; organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) – 40 and 60 t/ha at ratios of PG and TL 1 : 10, 1 : 5 and 1 : 2. After applying of PG, TL, or OMF into the soil, the content of As, Cd, Hg, Se, Mo, Sb, W, and V remained at the trace level. The content of Zn, Ni, Cu, Ba, and Mn remained practically unchanged compared to the control variant, but was significantly higher than in the initial PG. The content of Pb and Sr increased mainly with the addition of high doses of PG, while those of Co and Cr increased with high doses of TL. In general, the content of elements of three toxicity classes did not exceed the MPC, the total effect of pollution was assessed as permissible.

Questions of the nature and mechanism of action of plant growth and development regulators (hereinafter referred to as regulators) are considered. It is proposed to use the classification of regulators depending on their original nature. Four groups of regulators are distinguished: pure chemicals, physical, biological and complex regulators. Attention is paid to the mechanisms of the relationship of artificial regulators with the natural system of regulation and integration of plants.