No 1 (2024)

The article describes the history of the journal “Agrochemistry” for the period 1964–2023. The journal “Agrochemistry” was founded in 1964 on the initiative of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR S. I. Volfkovich, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR A. V. Sokolov, professors M. V. Katalymov, F. V. Turchin, etc. The journal became the first periodical academic publication on fundamental problems of agrochemistry and related disciplines in our country. Over the period of its existence, the journal has published more than 10 thousand articles. The published articles are grouped into the following main headings: “Fertilizers” (production, application, efficiency, transformations in the soil); “Soil fertility” (change under the influence of various factors); “Research methods”; “Agroecology” (combination of fertilizers, pesticides, soil treatment systems, crop rotation, environmental conditions); “Chemical plant protection” –later divided into “Pesticides” and “Ecotoxicology”; “Plant nutrition” (physiological-agrochemical research, the role of fertilizers in plant physiological processes, plant biochemistry and product quality); “Plant growth regulators”, “Agrochemical Service”; “Soil reclamation”; “Soil biology and biochemistry”, etc. In 2021 The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences approved the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology” (FGBNU VNIIF) as a co-founder of the journal “Agrochemistry”.

In a long-term experiment, which was laid down in 1971, in 2 bookmarks with an interval of one year, the effect of sideral fertilizer on the humus content in the soil during 6 rotations of an 8-field crop rotation was studied. The soil is sod-medium-podzolic medium loam on a cover red-brown heavy loam with agrochemical indicators of the arable layer before the experiment was laid: рН_KCl 5.0, A_h – 2.7, S – 14.8 mmol/100 g, V – 85.2%, the content of P₂O₅–52, K₂O – 98 mg/kg of soil. In the 6th rotation, instead of manure, a sideral fertilizer – a pea–oat mixture (18 t/ha) was used as an organic fertilizer. In the experiment, the levels of application of mineral fertilizers on different backgrounds were studied using lime (1 + 2 h. a. in the 1st and 2nd rotations of crop rotation), manure (40 t/ha in the 1st and 60 t/ha in the 2nd and 5th rotations), siderate (in the 6th rotations) and without them. Options with fertilizers: 1 – without fertilizers, 5 – N10P10K10, 6 – N20P20K20, 7 – N30P30K30, 8 – N40P40K40, 9 – N50P50K50, 10 – N60P60K60. For 4 rotations of crop rotation (32 years) without applying background fertilizers, the humus content decreased from 2.5 to 1.96–1.92% (by 0.54 and 0.58 abs.%), against the background of manure – up to 2.38%, lime + manure – up to 2.30%. In the 5th rotation on the backgrounds with the introduction of manure, its content on average in 7 variants increased to 2.62 and 2.70%, which was higher than the initial (2.50%) by 0.12 and 0.20 abs.%. In the 6th rotation, the use of pea-oat mixture as a siderate led to a decrease inthe level of humus content by 0.28–0.30 abs.% is reduced by periodic use of manure (once in each rotation) and winter rye straw (2 times in 3–6 rotations).

Fertilizers applied during 85 years in the grain–beet crop rotation provided the most significant (by 12.0– 71.0% to control) an increase in the yield of barley and annual grasses using only the aftereffect of fertilizers, with direct action – sugar beet in the steam link (by 20.9–39.9%). There was a significant increase in the productivity of 1 ha of arable land (by 16.3–35.7% relative to the option without fertilizers). It is proved that an increase in the fertilizer saturation of 1 ha of crop rotation area per 1 kg of NPK increased the yield of sugar beet to the greatest extent, and oats and winter wheat in the clover link to the least. The highest productivity of 1 ha of arable land was provided by a system that included double application in the crop rotation of N135P135K135 for sugar beet in combination with manure of 25 t/ha in a pair (saturation with fertilizers – N30P30K30 + manure 2.8 t/ha).

The number of preparations based on the 2^nd generation anticoagulant bromadiolone in the catalog of plant protection products against mouse-like rodents in Russia is growing, but information about the effectiveness of this active substance against the common vole Microtus arvalis Pall. is very limited. In a laboratory study of bromadiolone, acute LD₅₀ = 3.3 + 0.8 mg/kg was shown, increased resistance equal to LD₅₀ 5.2 mg/kg was detected in individuals selected on the basis of resistance to anticoagulants of the 1st generation against the background of a diet with a high content of vitamin K (green food). Rodents overcame relative stability in the laboratory with a 3-day consumption of bait (0.05 g of bromadiolone/kg). In the field, the effectiveness of treatments may decrease and lead to the selection of resistant individuals. Bromadiolone-based rodenticidal baits are suitable for controlling the number of mouse-like rodent communities with the dominance of the common vole and carrying out treatments at the beginning of population growth.

The macroelement composition and ratios of macroelements in dominant and co-dominant plants growing on lakeside solonchaks of Western Transbaikalia: from salt-sandy strips on dried shoals with pioneer groupings, side slopes to plains with cheieves, irises and leymus communities were studied for the first time. General regularities characterizing their macroelement composition were established for annual halophytes of salt-sand strips of the Beloe Lake shoreline. It has been revealed that pioneer perennials are formed on the mortmass of annuals. Mortmass of different duration of formation was characterized by high silicic content and concentrations of S, Fe, and Mg with a minimal amount of K, and the K : Na ratio was 0.03–0.04. Biological productivity of lakeside saltmarsh communities was determined to be normal and elevated, 1490–3080 g dry mass/m²/year. Species differed significantly in the macroelement composition depending on the conditions of growing in the coastal zone of brackish lakes. Common for the chemical composition of plants was a relatively high content of nitrogen and ash. It was found that by the total concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Si in the dry matter, annuals of the Chenopodiaceae family dominated due to the high amount of sodium. In spite of non-compliance with the norms of the ratios of most macronutrients in the dry matter of plants, especially by K : (Ca + Mg) and K : Na, all species are used as fodder in different periods of the year.

The distribution of iodine (I) was studied in two soil catenae located in the basins of the Burla and Kulunda rivers in the Altai Territory. Soil sections were laid on the main types of elementary landscapes. The first site is located on a low-lying plain in a bend of the Burla River (near the village of Burla in the Altai Territory). Three sections have been laid, revealing the following soils: Calcic Kastanozems, located in the eluvial landscape, Gleic Solonetz – was formed in the superqual landscape and Chernic Gleysols Salic. The absolute height excess between chestnut soil and meadow was 3 m, the length of the catena was 677 m. The site in the valley of the Kulunda River was located in its middle course not far from the Lower Chumanka point of the Altai Territory. It had a smaller slope, so the change of soils from the top of the hilly area to the floodplain of the Kulunda River was observed at a greater distance (the length of the catena is 1650 m). The sections are laid on Gleyic Chernozems, Gleyic Solonetz Salic and Chernic Gleysols Salic, located in landscapes similar to the first catena. The total iodine content and its water-soluble form were determined in all genetic horizons. The content of total I in soils averaged 26.4 mg/kg (ranging from 0.36 to 100 mg/kg or more), water–soluble – 0.3 mg/kg, respectively (from 0.0 to 0.9 mg/ kg). It was found that the content of total I with an average strength correlates with the content of physical clay and silt, and the absolute maxima of iodine content are confined to the illuvial horizons of salt lakes. A large amount of gross iodine was also found in meadow soils, whereas iodine is found in very small concentrations in soils of eluvial positions. The identified accumulations of I in intrazonal soils can be used to cover the iodine deficiency of zonal soils by involving them in agricultural turnover as natural hayfields and pastures.

The effect of inoculation of wheat plant seeds by cells of 2 endophytic strains of Bacillus subtilis on the formation of endomycorrhiza in the roots under salt stress was studied. It was found that the indicators of mycorrhization of plant roots decreased both during salt stress in the soil and during seed treatment with endophytic bacteria. At the same time, under conditions of salt stress, an increase in mycorrhization rates was found in plants inoculated with B. subtilis. It was revealed that B. subtilis bacteria reduced stress in plants resulting from soil salinization. The obtained results showed the possible nature of the simultaneous relationship of plants with representatives of two kingdoms – bacteria and fungi. Probably, under conditions of stress action on the host plants, it is more profitable for all 3 participants of the symbiotic system to survive together, preserving the reproductive potential for the next generations.

A number of silicate and aluminosilicate sorption materials have been synthesized using rice straw as a silicon source. The dependence of sorption properties with respect to methylene blue, as well as density and moisture capacity on the composition is investigated. It is shown that the sorption capacity of silicate materials from vegetable raw materials is several times greater than that of natural aluminosilicates – vermiculite and materials based on it obtained by chemical modification. The presence of an organic component in the composition of the obtained biogenic materials contributes to a higher sorption capacity. The density and moisture capacity of the synthesized materials are determined.