Nº 8 (2023)

The paper presents the results of a survey of sod-podzolic soils for agricultural purposes and plants of reference sites of the Ivanovo region for the content of boron, copper, cobalt, manganese and zinc in them, conducted in 2014 and 2021. Correlation analysis determined the influence of individual physical and chemical properties of soils on the content and distribution of available forms of trace elements in the soil and the relationship between the trace elements themselves. Changes in the availability of trace elements of the soils of the plots have been established. According to the amount of content of available forms of trace elements in soils, the need for the use of micronutrients is determined. The sequences of crops were determined by the content of trace elements in grain and straw of cereals, the green mass of forage grasses, as well as the distribution of trace elements between parts of the grown crop. Grain, straw and green mass were evaluated for compliance with veterinary standards for the content of copper, zinc and cobalt in feed. The coefficients of accumulation of trace elements by plant products of crops are calculated and their comparative analysis is carried out. By the magnitude and sign of the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of trace elements in plants, the manifestation of antagonism and synergy between trace elements was determined. The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between the content of mobile forms of trace elements in the soil and their content in plant products, as well as between the content of trace elements in grain and straw of cereals revealed their strength and the ambiguous nature of the relationships..

In a long-term stationary field experiment on sod-podzolic soil, the effectiveness of organic and mineral fertilizers and their effect on soil properties, yield and quality of perennial grasses in the feed six-field crop rotation was established. It was determined that the combined use of fertilizers most effectively affected the increase in soil fertility and the productivity of the clover-timothy mixture. The content of humus increased by 0.4–0.6%, mobile phosphorus by 70–150 mg/kg, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased. The complex application of fertilizers, especially in high doses, most significantly increased the yield and quality of perennial grasses.

As a result of the research conducted in 2020–2022, the high efficiency and environmental feasibility of using complex fertilizers with microelements MicroFid Complex, MicroFid Zinc, microFid Boron with Zinc Chelate Reagent and Boron Chelate reagent in the cultivation of spring barley on chernozem soils of the Kursk region was established. The use of complex fertilizers MicroFid Complex, MicroFid Boron and MicroFid Zinc in the form of seed treatment and sowing in the phases “tillering” and “exit into the tube” provided an increase in the yield of spring barley – 0.29–0.45 t/ha (on 7.6–11.7%), protein growth in grain by 0.7–0.9%, grain size by 0.9–1.2%, relative to the control variant. The use of mono-fertilizers Zinc Chelate Reagent and Boron Chelate Reagent in comparison with complex micronutrients was less effective. The increase in the yield of spring barley from their use increased by 0.29–0.34 t/ha (7.6–8.9%), the amount of protein in the grain – by 0.1–0.2%, grain size – by 0.2–0.4%. There was a tendency of higher efficiency of microelement fertilizers containing boron: the yield of spring barley from the use of monoselate fertilizer Reakom-Boron Chelate was 0.05 t/ha higher than from fertilizer Reakom-Zinc Chelate, and complex fertilizer MicroFid Boron – 0.03 t/ha higher than MicroFid Zinc. The use of trace element fertilizers on spring barley crops was economically profitable and environmentally sound.

The results of research characterizing the development of plant protection technologies in agroecosystems in the conditions of the market economy of Russia in the cultivation of varieties of strategic grain and industrial crops of domestic breeding with high genetic potential are presented. The potential is realized with the use of plant protection equipment with elements of information technology and precision farming, mineral fertilizers and pesticides according to scientifically sound standards. At the same time, success is achieved in a group of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farmer) farms with sown areas of grain and industrial crops >2500 hectares, optimal for the rational use of machinery, with a high culture of agriculture, provided with material, technical and financial resources and leading profitable production. In 2016–2020. the analyzed group of highly productive varieties of cereals and industrial crops covered ~20% of the areas of agroecosystems at the current level of development of breeding, seed production and genetics, the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, as well as equipment with elements of information technology and precision agriculture. The prospects of expanding the group of crops in connection with the further improvement of the organization of breeding and seed production, the supply of fertilizers and pesticides based on the development of not only progressive drugs, but also created molecules of domestic active substances, in new conditions in connection with the tasks of food security of the country.

The efficiency of moisture use and the yield of sugar beet increased with the use of fertilizers, combined tillage and an increase in the moisture coefficient (according to Ivanov) for 2 months before cleaning. A more favorable soil moisture regime and a lower density of addition in sugar beet crops were formed in conditions of high moisture during combined tillage. The best technological qualities of the root fruits are determined with average moisture and combined processing. The share of the influence of weather conditions on crop yield was 51, fertilizers – 30, tillage – 3%. The highest yield of sugar beet (48.3–48.5 t/ha), energy efficiency (4.6) and profitability of production (95%) were established with multi-depth dump and combined tillage in crop rotation, fertilization and high soil moisture.

Under field conditions in the Republic of Mordovia, we studied the effect of treatment of seeds and plants of winter wheat varieties Mironovskaya 808 and Skipetr with a complex biological preparation based on jointly cultivated strains PGPB Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens and PGPF Saccharomyces cerevisiae on plant growth and productivity. We used seed treatment with the biological preparation diluted with water at a ratio of 1 : 100, and plant treatment during vegetation at a dilution of 1 : 200. The complex biological preparation stimulated an increase in net productivity of photosynthesis and leaf surface, an increase in root dry weight and volume, but not plant height, and an increase in grain productivity by 25–36% compared with control. The stimulating effect of the biopreparation was variety-specific.

In was the laboratory experiment carried on with the spring barley variants, which shown a contrasting reactions to the cadmium influence. The topic of this work was a searching of the connection of the barley variants response to the toxic stress with the isoenzyme polymorphism of some ferments, which are determined a plants tolerance to the environmental stress. It was taken 14 spring barley variants with the different geographic origin (7 – tolerant to Cd²⁺ and 7 – sensitive) for this task. Such variants were selected on the base of the morphometric criteria in our previous work. The seeds of these variants were germinated and then a protein extracts were prepared from the seedlings. The extracts were separated by electrophoresis in the polyacrilamide gel. The gel blocks after this process were stained for discovering of the enzyme activity zones. The list of the ferments used was follows: superoxidedismutase, peroxidase, glutamatedehydrohenase, alcoholdehydrohenase, malatedehydrohenase, glutationedehydrohenase, glucose-6-phosphatedehydrohenase, catalase. The frequencies of all enzyme activity zones were counted, and thus such frequencies were compared for the groups of the Cd²⁺ tolerant and sensitive barley variants. Consequently, it was discovered the specific alleles, which are found in the tolerant or sensitive variants with the much probability. Therefore, some conclusion can be stated: the reaction of the selected barley variant to the Cd²⁺ influence is connected with some specific isozyme variants. The data, collected in this work, can be used for forecasting of the tolerance of the selected barley variants to the Cd²⁺.