MiRNAs as promising biomarkers in cancer

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Abstract

By 2004 according to the resuts of the international genome sequencing, about 20,000 protein-coding genes had been analyzed which correspond to more than 2% of the total genomic sequence. The vast majority of gene transcripts are actually characterized as non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and are a cluster of RNA that do not encode functional proteins. They can be small, approximately 20 nucleotides in length, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), or transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides, defined as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). miRNAs are short ncRNAs that are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Discovered over 15 years ago, these molecules have been recognized as one of the main regulatory molecules in the human genome. They play an important role in all biological processes being important modulators of the eukaryotic genes expression. Focusing on transcripts that encode proteins, miRNAs influence the cellular transcript, thereby helping to determine the outcome of the cell. Aberrant miRNA expression was observed in cancer patients. Tissue concentrations of specific miRNAs have been shown to be associated with tumor invasiveness, metastatic potential, and other clinical characteristics for many types of cancer. Compared to traditional biomarkers like proteins, miRNA has several advantages that will allow them to be considered as new potential biomarkers in cancer. This review looks at biogenesis, functions, technologies used to detect miRNA, and the association of miRNA with human cancer, in particular, colorectal cancer.

About the authors

Andrian A. Tarmaev

Harbin Medical University

Email: Tarmaevandrian@outlook.com
China, Harbin

Ozal A. Beylerli

Bashkir State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: obeylerli@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6149-5460
Russian Federation, Ufa

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Copyright (c) 2019 Tarmaev A.A., Beylerli O.A.

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