A Conceptual Framework for the Development of Chatbots Addressing COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

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Abstract

Aim of this letter is to review Chatbots that answer questions of vaccine-hesitant people, their utility, and their limitations in addressing psycho-social determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The authors propose a conceptual framework that could guide the development of artificial intelligence-based Chatbots and summarise the salient features of the four Chatbots discussed in the literature today, developed to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

About the authors

Debanga Raj Neog

Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Email: dneog@iitg.ac.in
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2794-4787

B. Tech., PhD, Assistant Professor

India, Guwahati

Rhythm Grover

Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Email: rhythmgrover@iitg.ac.in
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0759-7554

MSc, PhD (Statistics), Assistant Professor

India, Guwahati

Ramdas Ransing

BKL Walwalkar Rural Medical College

Author for correspondence.
Email: ramdas_ransing123@yahoo.co.in
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5040-5570

MD, Associate Professor

India, Ratnagiri

Rodrigo Ramalho

University of Auckland

Email: r.ramalho@auckland.ac.nz
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2372-6854

MD, PhD, Senior Lecturer

New Zealand, Auckland

References

  1. WHO. Vaccine-preventable Diseases [Internet]. 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/regulation-prequalification/eul/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals. Accessed: 2022 August 08.
  2. Ransing R, Kukreti P, Raghuveer P, et al. A brief psycho-social intervention for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among perinatal women in low-and middle-income countries: Need of the hour. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2022;67:102929. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102929
  3. Solís Arce JS, Warren SS, Meriggi NF, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries. Nature Medicine. 2021;27(8):1385–94. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01454-y
  4. Lehner L, Gribi J, Hoffmann K, et al. Beyond the “information deficit model” — understanding vaccine-hesitant attitudes of midwives in Austria: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1671. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11710-y
  5. Betsch C, Schmid P, Heinemeier D, et al. Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0208601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208601
  6. Gagneur A. Motivational interviewing: A powerful tool to address vaccine hesitancy. Canada Communicable Disease Report. 2020;46(4):93–7. doi: 10.14745/ccdr.v46i04a06
  7. WhatsApp chatbot MyGov Corona Helpdesk sees over 2 crore users [Internet]. 2022. Available at: https://digitalindia.gov.in/content/whatsapp-chatbot-mygov-corona-helpdesk-sees-over-2-crore-users. Accessed: 2022 August 08.
  8. Kobayashi T, Nishina Y, Tomoi H, et al. 439. Corowa-kun: Impact of a COVID-19 Vaccine Information Chatbot on Vaccine Hesitancy, Japan 2021. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2021;8(Suppl 1):S321–2. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab466.638
  9. VIRA Vaccine Chatbot is now on WhatsApp [Internet]. 2022. Available at: https://www.jhsph.edu/ivac/2022/01/24/vira-whatsapp-launch/. Accessed: 2022 August 08.
  10. Altay S, Hacquin A–S, Chevallier C, et al. Information Delivered by a Chatbot Has a Positive Impact on COVID-19 Vaccines Attitudes and Intentions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 2021. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000400. Accessed: 2022 August 08.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
2. Fig. 1. Сonceptual Framework for Chartbot (machine learning-based) for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy Notes: Determinants of Vaccine hesitance (A): A1 — confidence, A2 — complacency, A3 — constraints, A4 — calculation, A5 — collective responsibility; Motivational staging (B): B1 — pre-contemplation, B2 — contemplation, B3 — preparation/decision, B4 — action; С: Hypothetical factor/construct for which answers and strategies we be sought or developed using a living database; COVID-19 — COronaVIrus Disease 2019, CVH — COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, MET — motivational enhancement therapy.

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Copyright (c) 2022 Neog D.R., Grover R., Ransing R., Ramalho R.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
 


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