Ophthalmic manifestation of leukemia
- Authors: Chistyakova N.V1
-
Affiliations:
- Scientific Research Institution of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology n.a. R.M. Gorbacheva
- Issue: Vol 9, No 2 (2016)
- Pages: 81-99
- Section: Articles
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/ov/article/view/3038
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/OV9281-99
- ID: 3038
Cite item
Abstract
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Natalia V Chistyakova
Scientific Research Institution of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology n.a. R.M. GorbachevaMD, ophthalmologist
References
- Астахов С.Ю., Ткаченко Н.В., Чистякова Н.В. Опыт применения препарата Растасис® у пациентов с синдромом «сухого глаза», протекающим на фоне реакции трансплантат против хозяина после аллогенной трансплантации костного мозга // Офтальмологические ведомости. - 2015. - Т. 8. - № 2. - С. 58-70. [Astakhov SY, Tkachenko NV, Chistyakova NV. Opyt primeneniya preparata Rastasis® u patsientov s sindromom “sukhogo glaza”, protekayushchim na fone reaktsii transplantat protiv khozyaina posle allogennoi transplantatsii kostnogo mozga. Oftal’mologicheskie vedomosti. 2015;8(2):58-70. (in Russ).]
- Бржеский В.В., Майчук Д.Ю. Новые возможности иммуносупрессивной терапии у больных с синдромом «сухого глаза». - 2012. - Т. 5. - № 1. - С. 69-74. [Brzheskii VV, Maichuk DY. Novye vozmozhnosti immunosupressivnoi terapii u bol’nykh s sindromom “sukhogo glaza”. 2012; 5(1):69-74. (in Russ).]
- Габдрахманова А.Ф., Лукманов С.Р., Александров А.А. Клинический случай поражения органа зрения при лейкозе. II Междисциплинарный конгресс по заболеваниям органов головы и шеи. Москва 27-29 мая 2014. [Gabdrakhmanova AF, Lukmanov SR, Aleksandrov AA. Klinicheskii sluchai porazheniya organa zreniya pri leikoze. II Mezhdistsiplinarnyi kongress po zabolevaniyam organov golovy i shei. Moscow 27-29; May 2014. (in Russ).]
- Al-Rashid RA, Cress C. Mumps uveitis complicating the course of leukaemia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol.1977;14:100-102.
- Albert DM, Wong VG, Henderson ES. Ocular complications of vincristine therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;78:709-713. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1967.00980030711004.
- Alemayehu W, Shamebo M, Bedri A, Mengistu Z. Ocular manifestations of leukaemia in Ethiopians. Ethiop Med J. 1996;34:217-224.
- Allen RA, Straatsma BR. Ocular involvement in leukaemia and allied disorders. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961;66:490-508. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010492010.
- Antunes NL, Small TN, George D, Boulad F, Lis E. Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome may not be reversible. Pediatr Neurol. 1999;20:241-243. doi: 10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00148-9.
- Аragona P,Tripodi G, Spinella R, et al. The effects of the topical administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on corneal epithelium and corneal sensitivity in normal subjects. Eye (Lond). 2000;14(Pt 2):206-210.
- Ayliffe W, Foster CS, Marcoux P, et al. Relapsing acute myeloid leukaemia manifesting as hypopyon uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:361-364.
- Ballantyne AJ, Michaelson IC.Textbook of the Fundus of the Eye. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, 1970:290-292.
- Bhadresa GN. Changes in the anterior segment as a presenting feature in leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55:133-135. doi: 10.1136/bjo.55.2.133.
- Brown GC, Shields JA, Augsburger JJ, at al. Leukemic optic neuropathy. Int Ophthalmol. 1981;3:111-116. doi: 10.1007/BF00133423.
- Burns CA, Blodi FC, Williamson BK. Acute lymphocytic leukaemia and central serous retinopathy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1965;69:307-309.
- Carta A, Cesana C. Ocular presentation and successful outcome of invasive sphenoid sinus aspergillosis in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Haematologica. 1998;83:1116-1119.
- Cavdar AO, Gozdasoglu S, Arcasoy A, Demirag B. Chloroma-like ocular manifestations in Turkish children with acute myelo-monocytic leukaemia. Lancet. 1971;1:680-682.
- Chiang CC, Lin JM, Chen WL, et al. Allogeneic serum eye drops for the treatment of severe dry eye in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Cornea. 2007;26(7):P.861-3. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3180645cd7.
- Cogan DG. Immunosuppression and eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;83:777-788. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(77)90903-5.
- Cook BEJ, Bartley GB. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia manifesting in an adult as a conjunctival mass. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 124:104-105. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)71651-4.
- Colón-Acevedo B, Rivera-Román L, Candelario N, et al. Ocular manifestations of acute graft versus host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplant. BolAsoc Med P R. 2014;106(2):30-32.
- Colombini A, Barzaghi A, Castagneto M, Bovo G, Rossi MR, Rovelli A, et al. Retro-orbital late relapse in a child with leukaemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Acta Haematol. 1995; 94:44-47. doi: 10.1159/000203970.
- Claes K, Kestelyn P. Ocular manifestations of graft versus host disease following bone marrow transplantation. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2000;77:21-26.
- Cullis CM, Hines DR, Bullock JD. Anterior segment ischaemia: classification and description in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979;11:1739-1744.
- Curto Mlo, Zingone A, Aquaviva A, Bagnulo S, Calculli L, Cristiani L et al. Leukaemic infiltration of the eye: results of therapy in a retrospective multicentric study. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1989;17: 134-139. doi: 10.1002/mpo.2950170212.
- Dastjerdi MH, Hamrah P, Dana R. High-frequency topical cyclosporine 0.05 % in the treatment of severe dry eye refractory to twice-daily regimen. Cornea. 2009;28(10):1091-6. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181a16472.
- Dawson DM, Rosenthal DS, Moloney WC. Neurologic complications of acute leukaemia in adults: changing rates. Ann Int Med. 1973;79:541-4. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-79-4-541.
- Devec H,Kobak S.The efficacy of topical 0.05 % cyclosporine A in patients with dry eye disease associated with Sjögren’s syndrome. Int Ophthalmol. 2014;34(5):1043-8. doi: 10.1007/s10792-014-9901-4.
- Duke-Elder S. System of ophthalmology. Cornea and conjunctiva. CV Mosby: St Louis, 1965:1190-1195.
- Ellis W, Little HL. Leukaemic infiltration of the optic nerve head. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;75:867-871. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(73)90893-3.
- Esmaeli B, Medeiros LJ, Myers J, et al. Orbital mass secondary to precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a rare presentation. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119: 443-6. doi: 10.1001/archopht.119.3.443.
- Filipovich AH, Weisdorf D, Pavletic S, et al. National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. Diagnosis and staging working group report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005;11(12):945-56. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.09.004.
- Fonken HA, Ellis PP. Leukaemic infiltrates in the iris. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76:32-6. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1966. 03850010034009.
- Frank RN, Ryan SJ. Peripheral retinal neovascularistation with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87(5): 585-9. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1972.01000020587017.
- Frisk P, Hagberg H, Mandahl A, Soderberg P, Lonnerholme G. Cataract in children after autologous bone marrow transplantation. A common but curable complication. Lakartidningen. 2002; 99:1444-7.
- Garrido Colino C, Mateos Gonzalez M, Torres Valdivieso M, et al. Ocular infiltration in the anterior chamber in a female infant with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia. Anales Espanoles de Pediatria. 2001; 55: 69-72. doi: 10.1016/S1695-4033(01)77629-1.
- Gass JDM. Differential Diagnosis of Intraocular Tumours: A Stereoscopic Presentation. CV Mosby: St Louis, 1974, pp 160-176.
- Giagounidis AA, Meckenstock G, Flacke S, et al. Pseudamonas aeruginosa blepharoconjunctivitis during cytoreductive chemotherapy in a woman with acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Ann Hematol. 1997;75:121-3. doi: 10.1007/s002770050325.
- Gupta C, Chauhan A. Ophthalmic delivery of cyclosporine A by punctal plugs. J Control Release. 2011;150(1):70-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.009.
- Hopen G, Mondino BJ, Johnson BL, Chervenick PA. Corneal toxicity with systemic cytarabine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;91:500-4. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(81)90240-3.
- Hine JE, KIngham JD. Myelogenous leukaemia and bilateral exudative retinal detachment. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979; 11: 1867-72.
- Hsu LY, Jou JR, Tseng HS, Shiue C, Hou PK, Lin KH. Relapse of acute leukemia in childhood presenting as proptosis due to an orbital mass. J Formos Med Assoc. 1997;96:835-8.
- Hyman CB, Bogle JM, Brubaker CA, et al. Central nervous system involvement by leukaemia in children. Blood. 1965;25:1-12.
- Jabs DA, Hirst LW, Green WR, et al. The eye in bone marrow transplantation. II. Histopathology. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101: 585-90. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040010585011.
- Jabs DA,Wingard J, Green WR, et al.The eye in bone marrow transplantation. III. Conjunctival graft-vs-host disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(9):1343-8. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020413046.
- Jacobs R, Tran U, Chen H, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with development of ocular GVHD defined by NIH consensus criteria. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(11):1470-3. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2012.56.
- Jakobiec FA, Jones IS. Lymphomatous plasmacytic, histiocytic, haematopoietic tumours. In: Jones IS, Jakobiec FA (eds). Diseases of the Orbit. Hagerstown Md, Harper and Row. 1979. P. 309.
- Jampol LM, Goldberg MF, Busse B. Peripheral retinal micro aneurysms in chronic leukaemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;80:242-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(75)90139-7.
- Jankovic M, Conter V, Pretto G, Placa F, D’Incalci M, Masera G. Isolated bilateral anterior chamber eye relapse in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995;25(2): 109-12. doi: 10.1002/mpo.2950250211.
- Jung JW, Lee YJ, Yoon SC, et al. Long-term result of maintenance treatment with tacrolimus ointment in chronic oculargraft-versus-host disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159(3):519-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.11.035.
- Kajimoto H, Naya M, Hojo M, Hibi S, Imashuku S. Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia as a retro-orbital mass (review). Jpn J Clin Hematol. 1999; 40: 1193-1197.
- Kasmann B, Ruprecht KW. Ophthalmologic findings in graft versus host disease (GvHD). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1993;202: 491-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1045634.
- Karesh JW, Goldman EJ, Reck K, et al. A prospective ophthalmic evaluation of patients with acute myeloid leukemia: correlation of ocular and hematologic findings. Journal of Clinical Oncology. Oct 1989;7(10):1528-32.
- Kiang E,Tesavibul N, Yee R, et al. The use of topical cyclosporin A in ocular graft-versus-host-disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;22(2):147-51. doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701304.
- Kim SK. Update on ocular graft versus host disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17(4):344-8. doi: 10.1097/01.icu.0000233952.09595.d8.
- Kincaid MC, Green WR. Ocular and orbital involvement in Leukaemia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1983; 27(4): 211-232. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(83)90123-6.
- Kiratli H. Isolated extraocular muscles involvement as the ophthalmic manifestation of leukemia. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2009;37(6):609-613. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02099.x.
- Kunert KS, Tisdale AS, Gipson IK. Goblet cell numbers and epithelial proliferation in the conjunctiva of patients with dry eye syndrome treated with cyclosporine. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120 (3):330-7. doi: 10.1001/archopht.120.3.330.
- Kunert KS,Tisdale AS, Stern ME, et al. Analysis of topical cyclosporine treatment of patients with dry eye syndrome: effect on conjunctival lymphocytes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118 (11):1489-96. doi: 10.1001/archopht.118.11.1489.
- Kuwabara T, Aiello L. Leukaemic military nodule in retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 1964;72:494-7. doi: 10.1001/archopht. 1964.00970020494010.
- Lakhkar BN, Banavali S, Philip P. Orbital granulocytic sarcoma in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Indian J Pediatr. 2000;67:234-5.
- Lei KI, Liew CT, Lam DS, Chan AT, Wickham NW. Acute monoblastic leukaemia with conjunctival tumours. Clint Once (R Cull Radial). 1995;7:405-6. doi: 10.1016/S0936-6555(05)80018-4.
- Lever WF. Schaumburg. Histopathology of skin. 5th ed. JB, Lippincott: Philadelphia; 1975, pp 705-707.
- Luschmann C, Tessmar J, Schoeberl S, et al. Self-assembling colloidal system for the ocular administration of cyclosporine A. Cornea. 2014;33(1):77-81. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182a7f3bf.
- Macintyre E, Flandrin G. Biological classification of acute leukemias: federalization or centralization? Leukemia. 1995;9:2152-4.
- MacLean H, Clarke MP, Strong NP, Kernahan J. Primary relapse of acute leukaemia in anterior segment of the eye. Lancet. 1995;346:500. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91347-5.
- Marsh P, Pflugfelder SC. Topical nonpreserved methylpresdnisolone therapy of keratoconjunctivits sicca in sjogren’s syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:811-6. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90171-9.
- Martin B. Infiltration of the iris in chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1968; 52:781-5. doi: 10.1136/bjo.52.10.781.
- Masera G, Carnelli V, Uderzo C, et al. Ocular involvement in leukaemia: Report of three cases. Lancet. 1977;1:829-31.
- Mausolf FA, Mensher JH. Experimental hyperviscosityretinopathy: preliminary report. Ann Ophthalmol. 1973;5:205-9.
- McGhee CN, Dean S, Danesh-Meyer H. Locally administered ocular corticosteroids: benefits and risks. Drug Saf. 2002;25:33-55. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200225010-00004.
- Meredith TA, Aaberg TM, Reeser FH. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating CMV retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979; 87:793-6. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(79)90356-8.
- Mixon B, Mixon J, Isbey EK, et al. Autologous serum eye drops for severe dry eye syndrome in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease: a case report. Int J Pharm Compd. 2014;18(5):370-7.
- Mondino BJ, Brown SI, Mondzelewski JP. Peripheral corneal ulcers with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978; 86:611-4. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(78)90176-9.
- Morgan KW, Callen JP. Sweet’s syndrome in acute myelogenous leukaemia presenting as periorbital cellulitis with an infiltrate of leukemic cells. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:590-5. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2001.119032
- Murray KH, Paolino F, Goldman JM, Galton DA, Grindle CF. Optic nerve head infiltration in acute leukemia in children: an indication for emergency optic nerve radiation therapy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26:101-4. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199602)26:2<101::AID-MPO6>3.0.CO;2-P.
- Nerkelun S, Kellermann S, Nenning H. Acute blindness caused by fungal infection in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Klin Manatslbl Augenhertkd. 1997;211:272-4. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1035134.
- Newman NM, Smith ME, Gay AJ. An unusual case of leukaemia involving the eye: a clinico-pathological study. Surv Ophthalmol. 1972;16:316-21.
- Ng JS, Lam DS, Li CK, et al. Ocular complications of pediatric bone marrow transplantation. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:160-4. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90023-4.
- Ninane J, Taylor D, Day S. Leukaemic hypopyon in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after interruption of treatment. Arch Dis Child. 1979;54:73-4. doi: 10.1136/adc.54.1.73.
- Ohkoshi K, Tsiaras WG. Prognostic importance of ophthalmic manifestations in childhood leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:651-5. doi: 10.1136/bjo.76.11.651.
- Ogawa Y, Kim SK, Dana R, et al. International Chronic Ocular Graft-vs-Host-Disease (GVHD) Consensus Group: proposed diagnostic criteria for chronic GVHD (Part I). Sci Rep. 2013;3: 3419. doi: 10.1038/srep03419.
- O’Rourke JF, O’Connor GR. Unusual ocular involvement in acute leukaemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1957;57:585-9. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1957.00930050597013.
- O’Rourke JF, O’Connor GR. The eye as a sanctuary in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 1980;1:452-3.
- Perry HD, Mallen FJ. Iris involvement in granulocytic sarcoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;87:530-2. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(79)90243-5.
- Pflugfelder SC, Maskin SL, Anderson B, et al. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicenter comparison of loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension, 0.5 %, and placebo for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in patients with delayed tear clearance. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:444-57. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.04.052.
- Primack JD, Smith ME, Tychsen L, et al. Retinal detachment in a child as the first sign of leukemic relapse. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32:253-6.
- Ravindranathan MP, Paul VJ, Kuriakose ET. Cataract after busulphan treatment. Br Med J. 1972;1:218-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5794.218.
- Reddy SC, Menon BS. A prospective study of ocular manifestations in childhood acute leukaemia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76:700-3. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0420.1998.760614.x.
- Reese AB, Guy L. Exophthalmos in leukaemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1933;16:718-20. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(33)93848-9.
- Ridgway EW, Jaffe N, Walton DS. Leukemic ophthalmopathy in children. Cancer. 1976;38:1744-46. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197610)38:4<1744::AID-CNCR28203 80449>3.0.CO;2-3.
- Roberts CW, Carniglia PE, Brazzo BG. Comparison of topical cyclosporine, punctal occlusion, and a combination for the treatment of dry eye. Cornea. 2007;26(7):805-9. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e318074e460.
- Rosenthal AR, Egbert PR, Wilbur JR, Probert JC. Leukemic involvement of optic nerve. J Ped Ophthalmol. 1975;12: 84-93.
- Rowan PJ, Sloan JB. Iris and Anterior chamber involvement in leukaemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1976;8:1081-5.
- Russo V, Scott IU, Querques G, et all. Orbital and ocular manifestation of acute childhood leukemia: clinical and statistical analysis of 180 patients. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18(4):619-623.
- Sall K, Stevenson OD, Mundorf TK, et al. Two multicenter, randomized studies of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in moderate to severe dry eye disease. CsA Phase 3 Study Group. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(4):631-9. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00176-1.
- Schworm HD, Nasemann JE, Schriever S. Subretinal hypopyon in prolymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:863-4. doi: 10.1136/bjo.79.9.863.
- Shaw RK, Moore EW, Freireich EJ, Thomas LB. Meningeal leukaemia. Neurology. 1960;10:823-33. doi: 10.1212/WNL.10.9.823.
- Shibata K, Shimamoto Y, Nishimura T, Okinami S, Yamada H, Miyahara M. Ocular manifestation in adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 1997;74:163-8. doi: 10.1007/s002770050276.
- Shulman HM, Sullivan KM, Weiden PL, et al. Chronic graft vs host disease in 52 patients: adverse natural course and successful treatment with combination immunosuppression. Blood. 1981;57:267-76.
- Shurin SB, Rekate HL, Annable W. Optic atrophy induced by vincristine. Pediatrics. 1982;70:288-91.
- Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin β4 Significantly Improves Signs and Symptoms of Severe Dry Eye in a Phase 2 Randomized Trial. Cornea. 2015;34(5):491-6. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000379.
- Soylu M, Ozdemir G, Anli A. Pediatric uveitis in southern Turkey. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1997;5:197-202. doi: 10.3109/ 09273949709116894.
- Spraul CW, Lang GE, Lang GK. Corneal ulcer in chronic graft-versus-host disease: treatment with collagen shields. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1994;205:161-6. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1045510.
- Stentoft J. The toxicity of cytarabine. Drug Saf. 1990;5:7-27. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199005010-00003.
- Su MY, Perry HD, Barsam A, et al. The effect of decreasing the dosage of cyclosporine A 0.05 % on dry eye disease after 1 year of twice-daily therapy. Cornea. 2011;30(10):1098-104. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e318206caee.
- Swartz M, Jampol LM. Comma-shaped venular segments of conjunctiva in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Can J Ophthalmol. 1975;10:458-61.
- Swartz M, Schumann GB. Acute leukaemic infiltration of the vitreous diagnosed by pars plana aspiration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90:326-30. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74911-6.
- Vanathi M, Kashyap S, Khan R, et al.Ocular surface evaluation in allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(5):655-66. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000451.
- Walton RC, Reed KL. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus following bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;23:1317-20. doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701796.
- Webster AR, Anderson JR, Richard EM, Moore AT. Ischaemic retinopathy occurring in patients receiving bone marrow allografts and campath-1G: a clinicopathological study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:687-91. doi: 10.1136/bjo.79.7.687.
- Willman CL. Acute leukemias: a paradigm for the integration of new technologies in diagnosis and classification. Mod Pathol. 1999;12:218-28.
- Wolintz AH, Goldstein JH, Seligman BR, et al. Secondary glaucoma in leukaemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1971;3:1211-3.
- Wu MM, Yau GS, Lee JW, et al. Retrospective review on the use of topical cyclosporin a 0.05 % for paediatric allergic conjunctivitis in Hong Kong Chinese. Scientific World Journal. 2014;396987. doi: 10.1155/2014/396987.
- Yaghouti F, Nouri M, Mannor GE. Ocular adnexal granulocytic sarcoma as the first sign of acute myelogenous leukaemia relapse. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:361-3. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00363-8.
- Yoken J, Forbes B, Maguire AM, et al. Microsporidial endophthalmitis in a patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia. Retina. 2002;22:123-5. doi: 10.1097/00006982-200202000-00028.
- Zhioua R, Boussen I, Malek I, Ouertani A. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and vitreous infiltration. A case study. J Francais Ophtalmol. 2001;24:180-2.
- Zimmerman LE, Thoreson HT. Sudden loss of vision in acute leukaemia. A clinico-pathological report of two unusual cases. Surv Ophthalmol. 1964;9:467-73.
Supplementary files
