Length characteristics of C₇ spinal nerve, middle trunk, and its anterior division
- Authors: Gorbunov N.S.1,2, Kober K.V.3, Kasparov E.W.2, Rostovtsev S.I.1, Arkhipkin S.V.1
-
Affiliations:
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University
- Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North — Krasnoyarsk Science Centre of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary named after A.I. Kryzhanovsky
- Issue: Vol 106, No 2 (2025)
- Pages: 187-194
- Section: Theoretical and clinical medicine
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/kazanmedj/article/view/292216
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ632064
- ID: 292216
Cite item
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Contralateral transfer of donor nerves in cases of brachial plexus injury requires a detailed anatomical understanding of the C₇ spinal nerve.
AIM: This study aimed to identify distinctive length characteristics of the C₇ spinal nerve, middle trunk, and its anterior division before and after epineurium removal.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: To identify significant differences, the lengths of the C₇ spinal nerve, middle trunk, and its anterior division were measured twice in the anterior projection, before and after epineurium removal, in 121 brachial plexus specimens from male and female cadavers aged 40 to 97 years. Minimum and maximum values, medians, and quartiles (Q1; Q3) were recorded in the database. Statistical significance of differences in absolute nerve lengths and in the proportion of brachial plexus specimens with measured changes after epineurium removal was determined using the Mann–Whitney U test and Pearson’s χ2 test.
RESULTS: The median lengths before epineurium removal were as follows: C₇ spinal nerve, 25 (20; 30) mm; middle trunk, 22 (17; 28) mm; anterior division, 20 (15; 26.5) mm. After epineurium removal, the respective values were 28 (25; 32) mm, 20 (15; 27) mm, and 25.5 (20; 37) mm. The total length of the C₇ spinal nerve, middle trunk, and its anterior division ranged from 30 to 111 mm before epineurium removal (median: 71 [63; 78] mm), and from 30 to 146 mm after removal (median: 75 [66; 85] mm). After epineurium removal, the total length of the C₇ spinal nerve, middle trunk, and its anterior division remained unchanged in only 3.3% of cases, decreased by 1–35 mm in 15.7%, and increased by 1–72 mm in 81%. Lengths exceeding 100 mm were found in 1.6% of specimens before and in 11.6% after epineurium removal.
CONCLUSION: In 81% of cases, removal of the epineurium resulted in an increased total length of the C₇ spinal nerve, middle trunk, and its anterior division, which may reduce the distance required for contralateral nerve transfer by up to 72 mm.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Nikolay S. Gorbunov
Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University; Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North — Krasnoyarsk Science Centre of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
Author for correspondence.
Email: gorbunov_ns@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4809-4491
SPIN-code: 7526-1993
MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Depart. of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Leading Researcher
Russian Federation, 1zh Zheleznyak’s partisan street, 660022; KrasnoyarskKristina V. Kober
Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary named after A.I. Kryzhanovsky
Email: k-kober@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5209-182X
SPIN-code: 3427-9859
oncologist surgeon
Russian Federation, KrasnoyarskEduard W. Kasparov
Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North — Krasnoyarsk Science Centre of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
Email: rsimpn@scn.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5988-1688
SPIN-code: 8848-3659
MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., chief physician
Russian Federation, KrasnoyarskSergey I. Rostovtsev
Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University
Email: rostovcev.1960@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1462-7379
SPIN-code: 4904-2997
MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Prof., Depart. of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation
Russian Federation, 1zh Zheleznyak’s partisan street, 660022Sergey V. Arkhipkin
Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University
Email: sergey1510@ya.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5839-1732
SPIN-code: 1155-1494
Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy
Russian Federation, 1zh Zheleznyak’s partisan street, 660022References
- Ali AE, Saleh WR, Ragheb YF, Heussin MAF. Brachial plexus trauma: contralateral C₇ transfer evaluation. JCMRP. 2021;6:31–35. doi: 10.4103/JCMRP.JCMRP_187_19
- El-Gammal TA, El-Sayed A, Kotb MM, et al. Traumatic Brachial Plexus Palsy in Children: Long-Term Outcome and Strategy of Reconstruction. J Reconstruct Microsurg. 2021;37(08):704–712. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1726029
- Monsivais J. Contralateral C₇ transfers: An innovative approach to improving peripheral neuropathic pain after traumatic brachial plexus injury with C5 rupture and avulsion of C6, C₇, C8 and T1. A case series study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;191:105693. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105693
- Liu Y, Zhou X, Ma J, et al. The diameters and number of nerve fibers in spinal nerve roots. J Spin Cord Med. 2015;38(4):532–537. doi: 10.1179/1079026814Z.000000000273
- Wang GB, Yu AP, Ng CY, et al. Contralateral C₇ to C₇ nerve root transfer in reconstruction for treatment of total brachial plexus palsy: anatomical basis and preliminary clinical results. Journal Neurosurgery. 2018;29:491–499. doi: 10.3171/2018.3.SPINE171251
- Zhang CG, Gu YD. Contralateral C₇ nerve transfer – our experiences over past 25 years. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2011;06(01):e62–e65. doi: 10.1186/1749-7221-6-10
- Li R, Machol JA, Liu X, et al. C₇ nerve root sensory distribution in peripheral nerves: a bold functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation at 9.4 T. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49:40–46. doi: 10.1002/mus.23864
- Liu Y, Yang X, Gao K, et al. Outcome of contralateral C₇ transfers to different recipient nerves after global brachial plexus avulsion. Brain Behav. 2018;8:e01174. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1174
- Guan J, Lin J, Guan X, Jin Q. Treatment of central paralysis of upper extremity using contralateral C₇ nerve transfer via posterior spinal route. World Neurosurg. 2019;125:228–233. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.181
- Bai Y, Han S, Guan J-Y, et al. Contralateral C₇ nerve transfer in the treatment of upper-extremity paralysis: a review of anatomical basis, surgical approaches, and neurobiological mechanisms. Rev Neurosci. 2022;33(5):491–514. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0122
- Yang F, Chen L, Wang H, et al. Combined contralateral C₇ to C₇ and L5 to S1 cross nerve transfer for treating limb hemiplegia after stroke. British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2021;38(2):1–4. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1910764
- Singh VK, Haq A, Tiwari M, Saxena AK. Approach to management of nerve gaps in peripheral nerve injuries. Injury. 2022:53(4):1308–1318. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.01.031
- Kudoh H, Sakai T. Fascicular analysis at perineurial level of the branching pattern of the human common peroneal nerve. Anat Sci Int. 2007;82(4):218–226. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00184.x
- Matejčík V, Haviarová Z, Kuruc R, et al. The Composition and Structure of Peripheral Nerves. In: Intraspinal Variations of Nerve Roots. Cham: Springer; 2019. P. 3–13. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-01686-9_1
- Reina MA, Boezaart AP, Tubbs RS, et al. Another (Internal) Epineurium: Beyond the Anatomical Barriers of Nerves. Clinical Anatomy. 2020;33(2):199–206. doi: 10.1002/ca.23442
- Singh R. Variations of Cords of Brachial Plexus and Branching Pattern of Nerves Emanating from Them. J Craniofacial Surg. 2017;28(2):543–547. doi: 10.1097/scs.00000000000033
- Gorbunov NS, Shcherbina PA, Kober KV, et al. Modern understanding of the bundle structure of the brachial plexus and nerves of the upper limb. Siberian Medical. 2022;4:28–38. doi: 10.20333/25000136-2022-4-28-38
- Qin B, Fu G, Yang J, et al. Microanatomy of the Separable Length of the C₇. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2016;32(02):109–113. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1563380
- Aydoğmuş E, Çavdar S. Morphometric Study of the Cervical Spinal Canal Content and the Vertebral Artery. Int J Spine Surg. 2020;14(4):455–461. doi: 10.14444/7060
- Bertelli JA, Taleb M, Mira JC, Ghizoni MF. Variation in nerve autograft length increases fibre misdirection and decreases pruning effectiveness: an experimental study in the rat median nerve. Neurol Res. 2005;27:657–665. doi: 10.1179/016164105X18494
- Bonnel F. Microscopic anatomy of the adult human brachial plexus: an anatomical and histological basis for microsurgery. Microsurgery. 1984;5:107–117. doi: 10.1002/micr.1920050302
- Xu L, Gu YD, Xu JG, et al. The contralateral C₇ transfer via prespinal route to repair the brachial plexus avulsion: a preliminary study on its clinical effect. Chin J Microsurg. 2007;30:270–273.
- Doshi PB, Bhatt YC. Passage through the carotid sheath: an alternative path to the pre-spinal route for direct repair of contralateral C₇ to the lower trunk in total brachial plexus root avulsion injury. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2016;49(2):159–163. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.191327
- Johnson EO, Vekris M, Demesticha T, Soucacos PN. Neuroanatomy of the brachial plexus: normal and variant anatomy of its formation. Surg radiol anat. 2010;32:291–297. doi: 10.1007/s00276-010-0646-0
- Leijnse JN, Bakker BS, D’Herde K. The brachial plexus — explaining its morphology and variability by a generic developmental model. J Anat. 2019;236:862–882. doi: 10.1111/joa.13123
Supplementary files
