Mechanisms of bacterial multiresistance to antibiotics

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Abstract

Multiple drug resistance (MDR) to widening range of antibiotics emerging in increasing variety of pathogenic bacteria is a serious threat to the health of mankind nowadays. This is partially due to an uncontrolled usage of antibiotics not only in clinical practice, but also in various branches of agriculture. MDR is affected by two mechanisms: (1) accumulation of resistance genes as a result of intensive selection caused by antibiotics, and (2) active horizontal transfer of resistance genes. To unveil the reasons of bacterial multiresistance to antibiotics, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of antibiotics action as well as the ways how either resistance to certain antibiotics emerge or resistance genes accumulate and transfer among bacterial strains. Current review is devoted to all these problems.

About the authors

Olga M. Zemlyanko

Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Scientific Center RAS

Email: olga_zemlyanko@mail.ru

Junior Researcher, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology

Russian Federation, 7/9, Universitetskaya embankment, Saint-Petersburg, 199034; 5, Universitetskaya Nab., St.Petersburg, 199034

Tatyana M. Rogoza

Saint Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg branch of Vavilov Institute of General Genetics

Email: taniuxa@bk.ru

Senior Lecturer, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology

Russian Federation, 7/9, Universitetskaya embankment, Saint-Petersburg, 199034; Saint-Petersburg

Galina A. Zhouravleva

Saint Petersburg State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: zhouravleva@rambler.ru

Sci. Doctor, Professor, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory of Amyloid Biology

Russian Federation, 7/9, Universitetskaya embankment, Saint-Petersburg, 199034

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2. Fig. 1. The examples of targets of some antibiotics. Antibiotics are grouped according to the principle of action; numbers indicate the mechanisms of action of antibiotics; arrows indicate the targets of the action of antibiotics. PABA – para-aminobenzoic acid; DHF – dihydrofolate; THF – tetrahydrofolate

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3. Fig. 2. Examples of drug resistance in bacteria. Antibiotics are grouped according to the principle of bacterial response; numbers mean group of resistance; lines indicate block of antibiotic action. PABA – para-aminobenzoic acid; DHF – dihydrofolate; THF – tetrahydrofolate

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4. Fig. 3. Organization of integron: а – Insertion and excision of cassettes: the functional platform, composed of the integrase-encoding intI1 gene, the cassette (Pc) and integrase promoter (Pint), and the primary attI recombination site. The IntI integrase catalyzes cassette insertion and excision. Hybrid attI and attC sites are indicated. Arrows inside the cassettes indicate the direction of the open reading frame; b — expression of cassettes: cassettes of the array are represented by short arrows, expression level is reflected by the color intensity of each arrow (modified from [66])

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Copyright (c) 2018 Zemlyanko O.M., Rogoza T.M., Zhouravleva G.A.

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