About some genetic terms, their content and education

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Abstract

Ambiguity of genetic terms usage leads to their misinterpretation and learning difficulties. The content of some concepts is analyzed as well as haziness and mistakes in usage of corresponding terms such as gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, polymorphism, heritability, variability and few others. Limitations of the model dividing separately impact of the environment and genotype in a feature formation are explored. The interaction of the environment and hereditary material is suggested as basic factor of genetic and phonetic variability.

About the authors

Eugene V. Daev

Saint Petersburg State University; Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: mouse_gene@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2036-6790
SPIN-code: 8926-6034

PhD, Dr. Sci. (Biol.)

Russian Federation, 7–9 University embankment, Saint Petersburg, 199032

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2. Fig. 2. Scheme of direct and indirect (through genes, cells, organs, systems and organismic levels) environmental influence on phenotype of multicellular organism (modified from [29])

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3. Fig. 1. Changes in environmental factors (VE) can directly affect both the genotype and phenotype (Е), determining their changes (VG and VPh). The environment can also affect the genotype indirectly, inducing phenotypic changes leading to changes in the genotype. Conversely, by directly acting on hereditary material (H) and inducing genotypic changes (VG(E×H)), факторы environmental factors cause genotype-mediated [G(E×H)] phenotypic changes. In turn, phenotype changes, representing a complex function of the interaction of the genotype and the environment (Ph[ E×G(H×E)]), can have an opposite effect on them. The arrows indicate the direct effects, and the dotted arrows and italics indicate the reverse effects

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Copyright (c) 2021 Daev E.


 


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