Stratigraphy, chronology and paleogeography of Late Quaternary cryogenesis in Northern Caspian Lowland

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The article presents a generalization of the results of field and analytical studies of cryogenic phenomena in the Lower Volga region. For the first time for this territory, pseudomorphs, soil wedges and cryoturbations were described and studied in detail. Their cryogenic genesis was substantiated. In the Lower Volga region, various structures have been identified in loess-soil series, alluvial and marine deposits. The development of cryogenesis in similar environmental conditions, but in different genetic types of sediments, leads to the formation of structures of different shapes, which directly depends on the humidity and composition of the sediments. The processes of ice degradation and accompanying changes in their morphology are of decisive importance in the final appearance of soil structures. Absolute dating of the deposits containing cryogenic structures made it possible to identify the time intervals of their formation. Six stages of cryogenesis in the Late Pleistocene were identified based on the structural features, their stratigraphic position, and the results of laboratory analyzes. Stage I is characterized by the spread of deep seasonal freezing in the region, recorded in coastal marine sediments in MIS 5d. For stages II-III (MIS 5b, MIS 4, respectively), the existence of a perennial permafrost zone is reconstructed, cryogenic forms are recorded in various genetic types of sediments. Stage IV (MIS 3c – MIS 3b) corresponds to the existence of a perennial permafrost zone only for the northern part of the region (Srednyaya Akhtuba and Raygorod sections) and thin sporadic permafrost or deep seasonal freezing for the southern part of the Volga River valley (Chernyy Yar section). Stages V (MIS 3a) and VI (MIS 2) are characterized by the spread of thin sporadic permafrost or deep seasonal freezing. The identified major stages of the development of permafrost in the Caspian Lowland significantly refine the available data on the cryogenic horizons of the East European Plain.

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作者简介

N. Taratunina

Lomonosov Moscow State University; Institute of Geography of the RAS

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Moscow

V. Rogov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

M. Lebedeva

Lomonosov Moscow State University; Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute of the RAS

Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Moscow

I. Streletskaya

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

T. Yanina

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

M. Lukyanycheva

Institute of Geography of the RAS

Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

F. Khormali

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
伊朗伊斯兰共和国, Gorgan

R. Kurbanov

Lomonosov Moscow State University; Institute of Geography of the RAS

Email: taratuninana@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Moscow

参考

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2. Fig. 1. Cryogenic structures of the Lower Volga region (according to literary sources): (a) – permafrost “pot” in the section near the Kopanovka (Vasiliev, 1961); (б) – pseudomorphs of ice wedges near Volzhsky city, filling with Akhtuba sands (Moskvitin, 1962); (в) – ice wedges transformed into “pots” at the contact of Akhtuba sands and Khazar silts, Nizhneye Zaymishche (Moskvitin, 1962); (г) – cracks in the section near Chernyy Yar (Shkatova, 1975)

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3. Fig. 2. Studied sections of the northern part of the Caspian Lowland: (a) – sections location; (б) – Chernyy Yar; (в) – Leninsk; (г) – outcrop of Kosika; (д) – lower part of the Srednyaya Akhtuba section; (е) – Raygorod section; (ж) – general view of the Bataevka section

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4. Fig. 3. Schemes of the studied sections of the Lower Volga region (the color of the deposits reflects the natural color of the sediment). 1 – clay; 2 – loam; 3 – sandy loam; 4 – sand; 5 – loess; 6 – paleosols; 7 – malacofauna; 8 – carbonates (concretions and admixtures); 9 – gypsum “roses”; 10 – krotovinas; 11 – erosion boundaries; 12 – cryogenic structures; 13 – cryogenic horizons; 14 – cryogenic stages and their age; 15 – OSL age, ka (Q); 16 – OSL age, ka (Fk). The numbers to the left of the columns indicate lithological layers

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5. Fig. 4. Structures in sections of the Lower Volga region: (a) – cryoturbations in alluvial deposits (SA-2); (б) – structure of SA-1 with horizontal lenses; (в) – wedge-shaped structure of KOS-1 horizon; (г) – bag-like structure of KOS-2; (д) – structure of KOS-3 with horizontal lenses; (е) – wedge-shaped structure of SA-4 horizon; (ж) – bag-like structure of RG-2 horizon

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6. Fig. 5. Microstructure and morphology of quartz grains in the deposits of the Lower Volga region: (a) – crescent-shaped grooves on the surface of quartz particles (SA-2); (б) – pores with dense walls (RG-2); (в) – calcite coat on the grain surface (RG-2); (г–з) – grain morphology of the Chernyy Yar section (CY-1): (г) – aggregate composed of calcite (inclosing sediments, layer 7); (д) – angular grain with conchoidal chips; (е) – angular grain with smoothed angles and parallel grooves (white arrows); (ж) – isometric grain with a surface covered with small pits; (з) – elongated grain with smoothed angles, pits on the surface; (и) – rounded grain from the material of pseudomorphosis (KOS-4); (к) – tubular pore in loess microstructure, Srednyaya Akhtuba section; (л) – calcite (CaCO3), Srednyaya Akhtuba section; (м) – isometric grain with unevenly distributed pits on the surface (white arrows) (filler of the tail part of ice wedge cast, LN-2); (н) – depressions and pits on the surface of the grain (horizon LN-2); (о) – angular grain with numerous chips on the surface (LN-2); (п) – grain with fresh conchoidal fractures (1) and a surface that has retained its original roundness (2) (LN-2)

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7. Fig. 6. Microstructure of deposits in thin sections: (a–б) – microstructure of surface horizons of MIS 5s paleosols formed on floodplain deposits: cracks filled with silty Atelian material among humus-clay material (SA-5, depth 15.57–15.62 m); (в) – ooid-rounded aggregate with an annular clay film on the surface, fractured quartz (SA-1, depth 6.20 m rel.); (г) – “onion-like” aggregates in the main pore, palaeosol MIS 5a (LN-2, depth 13.73–13.78 m rel.); (д) – filling the crack with material of different composition: in the lower part – layered clayey-silty (water genesis), on the top – fine sand filler (LN-1, depth 7.28–7.38 m rel.); (е) – a combination of different aggregates: angular with sharp noses, lumpy, ellipsoid-like with carbonate nodules (SA-5, depth 15.58–15.63 m rel.)

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8. Fig. 7. Correlation of cryogenic events in the East European Plain and the Lower Volga region with global and Caspian events

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