Glacial relief of the central part of the Kola Region

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Abstract

Improvement in quality of digital elevation models and satellite images of the Earth’s surface led to a tendency to interpret them without sufficient confirmation by geological research methods. At the same time, the geological data is critical for the interpretation of genesis of accumulative glacial landforms and regional landscape reconstruction during the last glaciation. The article provides a classification and geologic structure of the glacial relief of one of the key areas in the Kola region. New data were obtained using morphometric analysis of relief, geological, structural analysis of glacial landforms, petrographic analysis of coarse glacial deposits, and the study of lake sediments. Two bands of glacial accumulative relief were identified in the study area.

The first band forms a parallel ridge relief on the southern slope of the Lovozero Tundra. It represents the formations of a lateral moraine formed at the edge of a glacier moving from the west to the east along the slope. Also a hummocky-ridge relief along the slopes of the Lovozero, Panskie, and Fedorova Tundras that consist of terminal moraines is included in this band. The moraines are composed of dislocated limno- and fluvioglacial deposits, dump and ablative moraines.

The second band is formed by three subparallel chains of ridge-hummocky relief. They include folded and imbricated-thrust glaciotectonically deformed deposits. Fluvioglacial deposits are developed on the distal slope of the outer chain.

Both bands of glacial relief are associated with formation of marginal landforms during two stages of glacial retreats. Analysis of deglaciation models of the last ice sheet in the Kola and adjacent regions and data on the position of known marginal glacial formations made it possible to compare the stages with the final episodes of the Luga (Karelian) and Neva (Syamozero) Stages. The information obtained reveals more details about the stages of development of the last ice sheet and the deglaciation pattern of the Kola region in the Late Glacial.

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About the authors

A. A. Vashkov

Geological Institute of the Kola Scientific Centre of RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: a.vashkov@ksc.ru
Russian Federation, Apatity

O. Yu. Nosova

Geological Institute of the Kola Scientific Centre of RAS

Email: a.vashkov@ksc.ru
Russian Federation, Apatity

D. S. Tolstobrov

Geological Institute of the Kola Scientific Centre of RAS

Email: a.vashkov@ksc.ru
Russian Federation, Apatity

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Location of the study area in the Kola region. The black lines show the boundaries of the last ice sheet during the stages: Kr — Krestsy, Lg — Luga (Keiva I, Karelia), Nv — Neva (Keiva II, Syamozero), SpI, SpII — Salpausselka I and II, compiled using (Astakhov et al., 2016; Korsakova et al., 2023). The dotted lines are the proposed boundaries. Transparent blue line — the north margin of the White Sea Ice Stream. Transparent blue arrows — flow directions of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (by Yevzerov, Nikolaeva, 2000; Boyes et al., 2022). The black short lines — subglacial lineations (by Bogdanov, 2012; Boyes et al., 2021b). Transparent violet outline — the area without glacial deposits in the central part of the Kola Peninsula (by Dedkov et al, 1989; Niemela et al., 1993; Bogdanov, 2012).

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3. Fig. 2. Glaciomorphological scheme of the study area (see location in fig. 1). Relief associated with uplifts of the pre-Quaternary surface: 1 — low mountains (bedrock), not covered by Quaternary deposits (1a in table 1); 2 — medium and large hills covered by Quaternary deposits (2b); Flat terrain: 3 — moraine plain (2а), 4 — the same, with drumlins and fluting moraines (2b), 5 — glaciofluvial plains (2с), 6 — glaciolacustrine plains (2d); Ridge and ridge-hummocky glacial relief: 7 — parallel ridge relief on the slopes of the low mountains (3а), 8 — hummock-ridge relief, near the slopes of the low mountains (3b), 9 — ridge-hummocky relief (3с), 10 — hummocky moraines and ring-ridge forms (3d), 11 — moraines of mountain glaciations (3e); Individual landforms: 12 — kames (a) and glaciodiapirs (b) (4а), 13 — eskers (4b); 14 — meltwater channels; 15 — boundaries of the distinguished bands A and B (a) and chains subparallel to them (b); 16 — points of studying and their numbers, reconstruction of the direction of the glacier pressure (a) and the direction of the melt water flow (b). Studied lake basins have Roman numerals. White lines — the position of the watersheds of the river basins: Умб — Umba, Врз– Varzuga, Врн — Voronya. The red rectangle is a key area for morphometric studies.

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4. Fig. 3. The structure of the hummock-ridge relief: A — a ridge near the southwestern slope of the Lovozero Tundra, B — a hummock near the northwestern slope of the Panskiye Tundras (points 4 and 5, respectively, in fig. 2). Diamicton: 1 — diamicton with foliated structure (lines show orientation of foliation), 2 — massive diamicton; 3 — boulders with pebbles and gravel; 4 — pebbles with boulders and gravel; 5 — gravel with pebbles; 6 — interbedding of pebbles and gravel with fine-to-coarse grained sand; sands: 7 — sand medium-coarse grained, bedded, 8 — sand fine grained, bedded, 9 — sand not bedded, 10 — sand with peat lenses, 11 — sand fine grained, clayey; 12 — silt; 13 — interbedding of silt and sand; 14 — clay; 15 — faults; 16 — thrust planes and directions of displacement; 17 — ice wedges; 18 — talus; on the structural diagrams: 19 — reconstruction of stresses during the formation of deposits, 20 — reconstruction of glacier pressure, 21 — arcs of a great circle. The color of deposits in the figures corresponds to their color in the section.

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5. Fig. 4. The structure of the ridge-hummocky relief: A — glacioinjective fold in the structure of the moraine ridge (7 in fig. 2), B — glaciofold in the structure of the moraine hummock (8 in fig. 2), C — folds of the longitudinal bend and small detached masses in the diamicton covered by fluvioglacial sediments in the structure of the ridge-hummocky massif (9 in fig. 2). See symbols in fig. 3.

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6. Fig. 5. Structure of the moraine ridge as part of the chain B3 (A, 11 in fig. 2); the structure of the hummock-ridge massif adjacent to the chain B2 (B, 12 in fig. 2); structure of the distal slope of the hummock-ridge massif on the Sarvanovsky Island (C, 13 in fig. 2). See symbols in fig. 3.

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7. Fig. 6. Scheme of the main stages of the reduction of the last ice sheet in the central part of the Kola region: A — the beginning of the Luga Stage (15700–15000 cal. BP), B — the ending of the Luga Stage (15000–14700 cal. BP), C — the Neva Stage (14 100 –13 900 cal. BP). 1 — the ice margin and the movement direction of the active ice cover; 2 — the ice margin of during oscillations; 3 — the ice margin of mountain glaciers; 4 — areas occupied by dead ice; 5 — areas of disturbances in the ice cover; 6 — meltwater channels in the periglacial zone; 7 — periglacial lakes.

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