Vol 2, No 2 (2021)

It is established that the question of the preferred way of life was actualized in the early Hellenistic philosophy. For many philosophers, the contemplative and the active life were equivalent. This position was held by Demetrius of Phalerum, early Stoics, probably Xenocrates and Menedemus of Eretria. Dicaearchus preferred an active life. Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Epicurus preferred the contemplative life. Unlike Aristotle and Theophrastus, Epicurus viewed the contemplative life not as an end, but only as a means of achieving serenity. It was also found that the high value of active life in early Hellenistic philosophy was due to the preservation of the polis system and the formation of Hellenistic monarchies, which opened upwide opportunities for philosophers to participate in political activities. The desire for a contemplative life was associated with the crisis of the polis system.

The role of social revolutions is considered in two interrelated contexts: the meaning of history and modernization. The meaning of history is interpreted as a success of the historical selftest of humanity in building large intra- and interstate systems of formal institutions and organizations (Gesellschaft) that would provide the most favourable conditions for the development of various small informal, based on trust and solidarity communities (Gemeinschaft) and for a full value (free, worthy and meaningful) life of individuals of the current and future generations. This global historical self-test needs to overcome the harsh obstacles: from scarcity of resources to group selfishness, inescapable temptations to hegemony, conflict, violence, and exploitation. Modernization with its five main lines occurs to be extremely significant for the historical success of the global self-test. Bureaucratization and capitalist industrialization are ambiguous, while secularization, democratization and ensuring of creative freedom fully correspond to the meaning of history thus understood. Revolutions interact with the main lines of modernization in a complicated way. They destroy old bureaucracies and create new ones, lead to secularization or its reversal, contribute to the development of capitalism or destroy the markets of the capital, labour and land, lead societies to democracy or to even greater authoritarianism, openup freedom to cultural creation or suppress it. Revolutions are the most effective but also the most controversial phenomena, both in terms of modernization and in terms of the meaning of history as a global self-test of the human race.

Entrepreneurship will make it possible for young people to adapt to the employment market and participate in not only professional but also social and personal adult life effectively and satisfactorily. This article aimed to emphasize the way of developing entrepreneurship in the educational practice. The base of reflection as Culturally Relevant Pedagogy and Karney’sdefinition of entrepreneurship. These approaches may open schools as environments for the coordination of all processes hidden in their culture on the way to effectiveness. The category of entrepreneurship understood as a personal and organizational feature, an attitude, an activity mode, and a path of individual and institutional development were considered. When introducing challenges connected with the development of Entrepreneurship, some tools were described which make it possible to evaluate the changes taking place in the didactic process. This means that reflection on the process of development of must appears in various implementation spaces. It would be observable both at the level of individual development (students’ and teachers’ competencies), about activities undertaken within an organization, as well as changes in organizational climate and overall educational environment.

The low level of employment of disabled people in the Novosibirsk region shows that in the region there is a need to develop additional legal instruments that ensure the implementation of the right to work of this category of citizens. The measures proposed in this study to increase the employment of persons with disabilities are based on the practical experience of other subjects of the Russian Federation and countries, and also take into account the peculiarities of the labour potential of persons with disabilities.