Vol 8, No 8 (2025)

the article examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the field of occupational health and industrial safety, and explores various approaches to using AI in the field of occupational health. The article analyzes the main areas of AI implementation, including predictive analytics for incident prevention, computer vision for safety compliance monitoring, natural language processing for documentation and incident analysis, and intelligent robotic systems for hazardous tasks. The article identifies potential benefits, including significant reductions in injuries, process optimization, and the creation of a safety-conscious culture.

сopyright issues are becoming increasingly relevant in relation to artificial intelligence technologies, the scope of which is currently virtually limitless. Enormous data sets, a significant portion of which consists of protected intellectual property, are used to effectively train generative neural networks. With the rapid development of machine learning technologies, the question of the permissibility of using such materials without the consent of copyright holders is becoming particularly pressing, creating a conflict between the interests of innovative development and the protection of intellectual property rights. The study concludes that it is necessary to guarantee fair compensation for the use of intellectual property in the training of generative models. Directions for improving legislation in this area are proposed.

the article analyzes the key issues of digital asset management through the prism of the Russian legal framework, with particular attention being paid to the contradictions between the dynamics of technological development and the inertia of regulatory regulation. The author identifies systemic weaknesses in the areas of licensing compliance, cybersecurity, and interagency coordination, which are exacerbated by sanctions restrictions and a shortage of qualified personnel in the field of IT management. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of current legislation (in particular, federal laws No. 149-FZ, No. 152-FZ and No. 44-FZ) and a comparison of domestic practice with international ITIL and COBIT standards, which allows us to formulate specific proposals for improving legal, organizational and technical control mechanisms. The practical significance of the work is to substantiate a step-by-step approach to the implementation of automated IT asset management systems, taking into account the specifics of the Russian corporate culture and the requirements of technological sovereignty.

this article analyzes and studies the application of AI in customs procedures globally, using examples from China, the United States, Uganda, Canada, the EU, and India. The implementation of digital customs systems has significantly transformed trade facilitation processes by reducing clearance times, increasing transparency, and lowering trade costs. Digitalization has a positive impact on trade efficiency, with a steady reduction in clearance times and a corresponding increase in trade volumes. Key technological advances, such as automation, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, have played a significant role in reducing customs procedures and overcoming regulatory challenges. Development of the Customs Single Window (CSW) system. Issues related to legal regulation, data standardization, and cybersecurity are highlighted, and areas for improving digital infrastructure are proposed.

the purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of investigative tactics of foreign countries, to determine the possibility of their adaptation to the conditions of the Russian criminal process. The author examines the legal and organizational and technical foundations of the collection, recording, storage, analysis and use of digital data in criminal proceedings using the example of the United States, Great Britain and France. The analysis showed that the priority of judicial control, documentation of procedures and expert verification of digital data are common to all three jurisdictions. At the same time, approaches differ in the degree of procedural formalization: the American model is based on constitutional guarantees of privacy and strict authentication standards, the British model is based on professional standardization and independent audit, the French model is based on high formalization and institutional centralization. The introduction of the institute of digital evidence authentication, expert certification and judicial control over access to encrypted information into the Russian legal system will help to increase the reliability and procedural security of digital evidence.

the subject of the research in the article forms juvenile delinquency as a socio-legal phenomenon and its determinants. Adolescence, due to its inherent psycho-emotional instability and immaturity of moral and legal attitudes, is objectively a period when deviant behavior that conflicts with generally accepted moral norms is observed with some frequency. However, the intensity and depth of such deviations vary significantly, being determined by a complex set of external determinants of various origins, including political, economic, and social factors. It is precisely the systematic involvement of minors in an environment characterized by such destructive phenomena that transforms their behavioral deviations into a key factor that increases their vulnerability and contributes to their subsequent victimization. In this regard, the objective of this study is to identify and comprehensively analyze the set of causes and conditions that catalyze the criminalization of the adolescent environment and contribute to the commission of illegal acts by minors. The research methods used were the systematic method, the method of analysis, sociological research and statistical data. According to the results of the study, it was found that the key factors of juvenile delinquency are family problems, the deformation of value orientations, the influence of the Internet environment and the criminogenic environment. New threats related to digital socialization and external destructive influence have been identified.

the article considers the problems of legal regulation of the use of deepfake technologies in the context of threats to national security. A comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Belarus, the Kyrgyz Republic, and the Republic of Armenia in the field of countering terrorism, extremism, and information crimes is provided. Particular attention is paid to the application of the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Laws "On Countering Terrorism", "On Countering Extremist Activity" and "On Information, Information Technology, and Information Protection" is considered. Judicial practice under Articles 128, 128.1, 137, 138, 159, 159.3, 159.6, 163, 165, 205, 205.2, 207, 207.3, 272.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is considered. Directions for improving legislation are proposed, including the development of an independent norm providing for liability for the creation and distribution of content generated using identity substitution technologies (deepfake).

the article examines the legal nature and place of the inheritance contract in the system of inheritance grounds in Russian and foreign law. It is shown that the introduction of the inheritance contract into Russian legislation has transformed the traditional model of inheritance, supplementing it with a third ground – the inheritance contract. The article substantiates the mixed nature of this institution, which combines the features of an inter vivos contract and a mortis causa disposition, which creates difficulties in its qualification and correlation with wills, rent and lifetime maintenance contracts. Based on a comparative legal analysis of German, Swiss, and French regulations, the authors identify key differences in Russian approaches: the weakened binding force of the inheritance contract, the preservation of the testator's broad freedom to unilaterally change and circumvent the contract through lifetime dispositions. The authors formulate proposals for improving Russian inheritance legislation.

the article examines modern problems of combating illegal drug trafficking carried out through the Internet. The main methods of committing crimes in the field of illegal drug trafficking using digital technologies are analyzed, including the use of messengers, social networks, anonymous browsers and cryptocurrencies. Legal mechanisms for combating this type of crime are studied, gaps in legislation and law enforcement practice are identified. Specific measures are proposed to improve the system of combating cybercrime in the drug sphere, including technical, organizational and legal aspects. Special attention is paid to international experience and possibilities of its adaptation to Russian conditions.

the scientific study conducted a legal analysis of the detention of minors, identified the problems existing in the Code of Criminal Procedure. An analysis of the tactics of detention of minors operating as part of an organized group is carried out. As a result, conclusions were drawn about the need for mandatory preliminary training of law enforcement agencies for the detention of minors, taking into account their age and psycho-emotional characteristics.

the article examines the problem of the reliability of forensic expert methodologies as a key condition for the epistemological soundness and legitimacy of judicial decisions in contemporary justice. The purpose of the study is to provide a philosophical and legal and sociogumanitarian reconstruction of the concept of the reliability of a forensic expert methodology, revealing its multidimensional, socially and institutionally conditioned nature. The empirical and theoretical basis includes works in the philosophy of science and social epistemology, research in the sociology of science and technology, normative legal acts regulating forensic expert activity, and materials from judicial practice. Methodologically, the work relies on conceptual analysis, which makes it possible to distinguish the technical, epistemological, and socio and legal components of reliability; discourse analysis of expert reports, judicial acts, and procedural norms; hermeneutic interpretation of forensic expertise as a special social practice; and comparative analysis of approaches to assessing reliability in various legal systems (including the Daubert standards). As a result, it is argued that the traditional positivist understanding of reliability as a synonym for reproducibility and measurement accuracy is insufficient in the context of judicial proceedings, where expert knowledge is constructed and validated through professional paradigms, rituals of legitimation, linguistic strategies of persuasion, and institutional mechanisms of certification. The article demonstrates the influence of expert cognitive biases, contextual bias, commercialization of the expert services market, and the role of the expert community in consolidating or challenging the status of methodologies. In the discussion, the article substantiates the need to shift from dogmatic trust in expert opinions to their critical evaluation based on transparent criteria of scientific verification, procedures for minimizing human factors, and improving the methodological literacy of judges and attorneys, which is viewed as a condition for strengthening the legitimacy and humanistic character of justice.

the article examines current theoretical and practical problems of implementing criminal liability for crimes related to illegal trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues. The author analyzes gaps and contradictions in the current legislation, difficulties in qualifying criminal acts, problems of proof and differentiation of related criminal offenses. Special attention is paid to the issues of determining significant, large and especially large amounts of narcotic drugs, establishing intent to sell, and qualifying actions when using information and telecommunication networks. Based on the analysis of judicial practice and scientific sources, typical errors in law enforcement have been identified and specific measures have been proposed to improve legislation and law enforcement practice in the field of combating illegal drug trafficking.

the article is devoted to the analysis of the specifics of the application of the institution of invalidity of transactions in relation to transactions made in relation to immovable property. The author analyzes the features of invalidation of real estate transactions in relation to the consideration of each of the four groups of grounds for invalidity – non-compliance with the requirements for the form of the transaction, lack of proper legal capacity, illegality of the transaction content and flaws in the will and expression of the parties to the transaction. Based on the results of the analysis, the paper formulates the thesis that the specifics of legal relations in the sphere of real estate turnover, which is related both to the nuances of regulating such relations and to the unique nature of the property, introduce certain features into the issues of recognizing such transactions as invalid. The paper also examines individual problematic cases of invalidity of contracts with respect to immovable property, including in the situation of non-existence of the real estate object that is the subject of the contract.

globalization often leads to the blurring of economic boundaries today. Global brands are rapidly conquering markets across various countries. However, controversial discussions persist regarding the protection and defense of certain intellectual property (trademarks, inventions, industrial designs, and others), which are inextricably linked to cross-border business. The protection and defense of intellectual property is based on the principle of territoriality. For example, if a trademark is protected nationally in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the "RF"), it will not be protected in China or other countries. Such situations pose certain difficulties when conducting cross-border business. It is important to understand that entities must confirm their rights to certain intellectual property by registering them internationally and nationally or through other accessible means. This procedure can help avoid numerous problems, such as patent trolling, cybersquatting, legal conflicts, loss of income, and others. Due to the lack of a systematic understanding of the "circulation" of the results of intellectual activity in cross-border entrepreneurship, this topic is becoming relevant and in demand, both in the legal community and directly among the entities involved in the implementation of this activity.

the article examines the key legal aspects of the impact of urban electric transport (UET) on the urban environment. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing role of urban electric transport in the formation of sustainable urban mobility and the need to minimize its negative effects. The purpose of the work is to identify and analyze the legal problems that arise in the functioning and development of urban electric transport, as well as to develop proposals for improving legislation in this area. The methodological basis consists of systematic, comparative legal, formal legal methods, as well as the method of analysis and synthesis. The scientific research revealed gaps and contradictions in the regulatory framework of environmental safety, urban planning and technical requirements for urban electric transport. Special attention is paid to minimizing negative effects such as noise, electromagnetic radiation, infrastructure requirements, as well as enhancing positive effects such as emission reduction, accessibility, and integration into urban space. The necessity of updating sanitary and epidemiological standards, developing comprehensive urban planning regulations, as well as improving waste disposal mechanisms is substantiated. Measures are proposed to implement the principles of sustainable development in the legal framework governing the functioning of urban electric transport.

the article is devoted to the urgent problem of defining and legislating the concept of crimes committed using information, telecommunication and digital technologies. The author notes the lack of a unified conceptual framework in both Russian criminal legislation and scientific doctrine, which leads to difficulties in qualifying and investigating such acts. Based on the analysis of the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, judicial practice and scientific approaches, terminological disunity is demonstrated: the concepts of "cybercrime", "computer crime" and "computer information crime" are used chaotically and do not have clear legislative definitions. The paper substantiates a broad approach to understanding cybercrimes as acts where information, telecommunication and digital technologies are the key means of committing, regardless of the main object of the encroachment. Based on the results of the research, the author's definitions are formulated and specific recommendations are proposed for improving the criminal law, in particular, by consolidating legal definitions of key concepts in the notes to art. 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for the unification of law enforcement.

the article provides a comprehensive study of personal data as an independent object of criminal law protection in the context of the digital transformation of public relations. The author examines the legal nature of personal data, their place in the system of constitutional values and objects of criminal law protection, identifies specific features that determine the need to establish criminal liability for encroachments on this category of information. Special attention is paid to the study of the structure of the object of crimes related to illegal actions with personal data, the relationship of generic, specific and direct objects, and the definition of the range of protected public relations. The paper substantiates the complex nature of the object of criminal law protection of personal data, including both public relations to ensure information security and the constitutional rights of the individual to privacy. The conducted research makes it possible to identify trends in the development of criminal legislation in the field of personal data protection, problems of law enforcement practice related to the qualification of crimes and the delineation of related compounds. The results of the work have significant theoretical and practical significance for improving the mechanisms of criminal law protection of personal data, the formation of uniform judicial practice, and ensuring effective protection of citizens' constitutional rights in the digital environment.

the article examines the place of Article 2744 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes responsibility for the organization of activities for the transmission of subscriber numbers in violation of the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, in the system of the Special part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as its intersectoral links. The author examines the systemic position of this norm in Chapter 28 "Crimes in the field of computer information" of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, reveals its correlation with other articles of the Criminal Law, including norms on fraud, unlawful access to computer information, violation of privacy, forgery of documents. Special attention is paid to the problems of competition of norms and qualifications in the context of a set of crimes. The intersectoral links of Article 2744 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with the norms of administrative, civil, information legislation, legislation on communications, on personal data are investigated, the blank nature of the disposition of this article and the need to refer to normative acts of other branches of law to determine the content of the criminal law prohibition are revealed. The author comes to the conclusion about the complex nature of the criminal law norm, which is located at the intersection of various institutions of criminal law and requires a systematic interpretation, taking into account intersectoral links. The necessity of improving legislation is substantiated in order to ensure the consistency of legal regulation, the consistency of legal norms with the provisions of other branches of legislation, and the elimination of gaps and collisions. Proposals have been formulated to optimize the systemic provision of Article 2744 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and to develop intersectoral cooperation in order to increase the effectiveness of countering the illegal transfer of subscriber numbers.

the purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature of restrictions on exclusive rights for educational and scientific purposes. The problem of the research is the need to develop proposals for optimizing legislation and law enforcement practices that will promote effective and fair legal protection of the results of creative activity in education and science, while taking into account the interests of all stakeholders and ensuring access to knowledge and innovation.

the global agenda of sustainable development and urbanization actualize the need to form effective legal mechanisms for environmental regulation of urban electric transport (GET). Traditional modes of transport are significant sources of air pollution, noise pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Urban electric transport, on the contrary, is recognized as one of the key tools for decarbonizing the transport sector and improving the quality of the urban environment. However, despite its environmental advantages, the comprehensive legal regulation covering the entire life cycle of the GET and its infrastructure remains insufficiently developed. The study revealed fragmented legislation, gaps in the regulation of the life cycle of the components of the GET, and insufficient mechanisms to stimulate environmentally oriented development. The results obtained demonstrate the critical need for the development of specialized regulations capable of ensuring integrated environmental management of the GET, integrating requirements for production, operation and disposal, as well as infrastructure development.

the article examines easement as an institution of civil and land law, and related problems in understanding, exercising and protecting their rights by subjects of land relations. The law enforcement practice related to the abuse of rights by the holders of immovable property is analyzed. An analogy is drawn with the land laws of China. The causes of the above problems and specific actions to eliminate them are determined. Different countries have their own approach to the definition and regulation of easement. The considered examples of the legal foundations of the institution of limited use of other people's real estate also give grounds for reflection and the possibility of introducing certain changes to land and civil legislation.

the article is devoted to the consideration of problems inherent in any artificial intelligence systems in the field of law enforcement, using the example of the use of ontology-oriented neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence systems. The methodology of collaborative decision support is discussed, the inevitable drawback of which is the complexity of an expert's representation of their knowledge in symbolic form. The shortcomings of the statistical method of information processing are considered, which makes it impossible to implement a legally significant contextual situational decision. It is concluded that the described problems of artificial intelligence are fundamental and unsolvable, even in an optimized architecture for building a complex system.

the beginning of the article says that foresight as a human ability has been studied by representatives of various sciences. It is concluded that philosophy has made the greatest contribution to the study of foresight. The main issues that need to be addressed in order to comprehensively highlight the topic of foresight as an element of guilt are listed. The main components of the concept of foresight are given. It is noted that modern Russian criminal legislation does not contain a definition of the concept of foresight. The author's definition of the concept of foresight as an element of guilt is given. The signs of foresight as an element of guilt are highlighted and revealed. The intellectual nature of the foresight process is pointed out. The focus of foresight on the future is emphasized and the dependence of the foresight process on the view of how predetermined the future is is determined. The objective nature of foresight as an element of guilt is revealed. The subject of foresight is proposed to be understood as: 1) socially dangerous consequences; 2) the causal relationship between the act and the consequences. The different types of socially dangerous consequences that the perpetrator can foresee are listed. The circumstances that the perpetrator may pay attention to when anticipating socially dangerous consequences are noted. It is proved that foresight as an element of guilt can exist only in the material elements of a crime. The relationship of foresight with other elements of guilt is determined. Arguments are given in favor of the fact that when awareness of a criminal act is correlated with the anticipation of socially dangerous consequences, awareness is primary. The main characteristics of foresight as an element of guilt are listed and disclosed, which include: 1) the scope of foresight; 2) the certainty of foresight; 3) the nature of foresight; 4) the reliability of foresight. The importance of foresight as an element of guilt in Russian criminal law is determined. In conclusion, it is said that the study of foresight must be continued.

the article examines the role and significance of international military exhibitions as an important factor in strategic dialogue and building trust between states in the global arms market. It analyzes the legal acts regulating the organization and conduct of such events at the national and international levels, including the Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law on Military-Technical Cooperation, the 1928 Paris Convention, and the Wassenaar Arrangements. The article describes the system of interaction between the government agencies of the Russian Federation in organizing exhibitions, the specifics of state and international coordination, and the practice of holding major military-technical forums and exhibitions. Special attention was paid to export control issues and compliance with international standards, transparency problems, ethical aspects, and political challenges associated with military exhibitions. The importance of international cooperation, harmonization of legislation, and digitalization was noted.

the article examines the main legislative and practical trends in the development of local self-government in Russia in recent years. The current constitutional model of local self-government is analyzed. The main domestic scientific concepts for understanding the essence of local self-government are considered. The main trends and innovations in the regulation of local self-government are analyzed. The paper forms the author's concept of changing trends in the legal regulation of local self-government, changing the basic messages in legal policy in this direction from idealistic to realistic.