Historical development of Iraqi digital diplomacy (1990-2022): evolution, strategies and challenges

this article examines the historical development of Iraq's digital diplomacy from 1990 to 2022, with an emphasis on major stages of digital transformation in diplomacy, the impact of technology on international relations, and Iraq's digital foreign policy strategies. The research aims to examine the growth of Iraq's digital diplomacy, determine its strategic directions, and assess cyber diplomacy's impact on Iraq's international cooperation. The study adopts a qualitative research technique that includes historical analysis, a review of legal frameworks, government policies, and digital diplomacy strategies. It uses sources in Arabic and English, as well as reports from international organizations. The findings indicate that Iraq's digital diplomacy has progressed in stages, from early embrace of digital technologies in the 1990s to active use of cyber diplomacy in the 2020s. While digital diplomacy has increased Iraq's worldwide visibility, difficulties such as cybersecurity threats and infrastructure restrictions persist. Iraq uses digital platforms in bilateral and multilateral diplomatic interactions, although it still relies on international technology help. The findings are relevant for diplomats, international relations experts, cybersecurity specialists, and policymakers involved in digital transformation initiatives.

Iraq, digital diplomacy, cyber diplomacy, international relations, digital transformation, cybersecurity, foreign policy, international relations