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in the context of the unprecedented Western sanctions against Russia imposed following the 2022 Ukrainian crisis, the resilience and adaptive transformation of Sino-Russian trade and economic relations have gained critical scientific and practical significance. The aim of this study is to identify the mechanisms of adaptive transformation, analyze the optimization of the commodity structure of bilateral trade, and investigate the formation of new mechanisms for industrial and supply chain cooperation between China and Russia from 2020 to 2024. The methodological framework of the research is based on the comprehensive application of a sanctions intensity index, fixed-effects panel data regression, case study analysis, and a comparative analysis of data from the General Administration of Customs of China, the Federal Customs Service of Russia, and UN Comtrade. The theoretical foundation builds upon the works of scholars such as N. Gould-Davies, A.V. Gavritukhin, I.V. Karavaeva, Li Shuangshuang, among others, while the empirical part relies on regulatory documents and official statistics from both countries. The results demonstrate the following key findings: empirical evidence confirms the asymmetric impact of sanctions on the trade structure – a one-unit increase in the sanctions intensity index leads to a 0.32% decrease in energy trade volume but stimulates a 0.45% increase in trade of machinery and electrical equipment, confirming the "forced transformation" hypothesis; a structural reorientation of bilateral trade has been identified, shifting from traditional energy complementarity towards deepened cooperation in manufacturing and technology, with the trade volume of machinery and electrical equipment growing by 145% over the 2020-2024 period; it is established that institutional innovations, including settlements in national currencies and policy coordination, effectively mitigated external shocks and fostered synergistic effects within value chains. The study's findings have enabled the formulation of specific recommendations for state policy, corporate strategy, and public engagement, aimed at enhancing the mechanisms for the sustainable development of Sino-Russian economic cooperation in the post-sanctions period.

economic sanctions, Sino-Russian trade, trade structure optimization, industrial and supply chain cooperation, adaptive transformation, sanctions intensity index