Justification and safety of “anti-cancer diets”: a review

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Abstract

Alternative diets have become widely used by patients with cancer, most of whom choose these diets on their own. The shortage of specialists with equal expertise in oncology, nutritional science, and gastroenterology contributes to an increase in self-medication and reliance on unqualified practitioners and unverified online sources. Therefore, evaluating the most popular diets is an urgent task. This work aimed to evaluate the validity of the most popular alternative diets as part of a combined supportive treatment strategy for patients with cancer, based on a review of publications. The following keywords were used to search relevant publications in PubMed and e-Library databases for the past 20 years: диета против рака (anti-cancer diet), альтернативная диета (alternative diet), рак (cancer), комплементарные методы лечения (complementary therapies), and клинические рекомендации (clinical guidelines). Based on the obtained data, the most popular diets in oncology practice are: the ketogenic diet, the Mediterranean diet, the Gerson diet, the Budwig diet, and the Breuss diet. We evaluated their compositions and effects on disease prevention, carcinogenesis, and overall survival. The justification and safety of prescribing these dietary regimens were considered. The data showed that the ketogenic and Mediterranean diets were the most extensively studied. Although the ketogenic diet is based on Warburg hypothesis, it does not have a significant antitumor effect. Moreover, some clinical studies have reported its carcinogenic potential. The Mediterranean diet is shown to be effective in preventing cancer, rather than its treatment. The Gerson, Budwig, and Breuss diets contradict fundamental principles of carcinogenesis and have no evidence base. Therefore, it is crucial to follow the nutritional support recommendations developed by international and Russian professional communities. These recommendations are based on substantial clinical data and sufficient evidence and prohibit risky diets for patients with cancer.

About the authors

Olga A. Obukhova

National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Blokhin

Author for correspondence.
Email: obukhova0404@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0197-7721
SPIN-code: 6876-7701

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Moscow

Ildar A. Kurmukov

National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Blokhin

Email: kurmukovia@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8463-2600
SPIN-code: 3692-5202

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Moscow

Grigory S. Yunaev

National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Blokhin

Email: garik_dr@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9562-9113
SPIN-code: 4410-8937
Russian Federation, Moscow

Alla A. Ryk

N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine

Email: alla-ryk@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3968-3713
SPIN-code: 3984-7800

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Moscow

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