Микропластики: особенности появления, методы идентификации (предметный обзор)

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Полимерные упаковочные материалы стали неотъемлемой частью нашей жизни — они используются в  производстве предметов быта, в фармацевтике, в химической и в автомобильной отрасли. Производство и применение полимерной упаковки стремительно расширяются, охватывая различные сферы промышленности. По данным Plastics Europe Market Research Group (PEMRG), мировое производство пластмасс достигло 348 миллионов тонн в 2017 году и, вероятно, достигнет 33 миллиардов тонн к 2050 году. При этом ежегодно на территории Европейского союза (ЕС) образуется около 26 миллионов тонн пластиковых отходов, из которых только 30% поступает на вторичную обработку. Несмотря на это, во многих странах мира, в том числе в России, более 50% полимерных материалов утилизируются на полигонах, где под воздействием внешних факторов окружающей среды (температура, влажность) происходит ее разрушение с образованием большого количества микро- и нанопластиков. Большинство людей не считают экологические проблемы, связанные с микропластиком, серьезными. Однако многие работы, направленные на глубокое изучение данной проблемы, доказали, что микро- и нанопластик оказывают значительное негативное воздействие на наземных и морских животных, а также на здоровье человека, будь то прямо или косвенно. Идентификация микропластиков в различных модельных средах и живых системах, как правило, основана на использовании инфракрасной спектроскопии и рамановской спектрофотометрии. Каждый из методов имеет свои достоинства и недостатки, связанные в основном с пробоподготовкой для повышения точности идентификации. Настоящий обзор посвящен проблеме образования и идентификации микропластиков в различных природных объектах.

Об авторах

Д. М. Мяленко

Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности

Email: d_myalenko@vnimi.org
кандидат технических наук, заведующий Лабораторией технологий упаковки 115093, Москва, Люсиновская, 35/7

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