№ 2 (2021)

The article analyzes the construction of wheeled roads in Balkarian societies in the second half of the 19th century, based on the attracted archival material, which were extremely necessary for the residents of high-mountainous villages and the Russian administration. The construction of roads required colossal efforts of all residents of Balkaria, support of the district and regional authorities – gunpowder, sappers, engineering solutions. The material on the financial, material and labor costs of the entire population of Balkar societies is generalized, which gave reason to call them folk. The roads connected the highlanders with the flat part of the Kabardian district, helped to draw them into the system of commodity-money and socio-cultural relations of the Russian Empire. The facts indicate that the inhabitants of Balkar societies have certain financial savings spent on vital communication routes for them, which created the best conditions for the annual transportation of livestock to the plane – in spring and autumn, the delivery of bread, household goods, products of factories and plants, and the sale of manufactured products. The constructed roads contributed to the transformation of the traditional organization of work and life, ensuring the penetration of new social relations into the environment of Balkar society.

During the formation of the Highlander’s Republic, which lasted from November 1920 to April 1921, the leadership of Kabarda repeatedly declared its opposition to joining the collective mountain autonomy. Historical experience since 1917 has shown that this kind of national-state formations threatened the land-territorial interests of the Kabardian people. But, despite the objective grounds that testified to the inexpediency of joining the Gorskaya ASSR, Kabarda, under the tough pressure of the Center, was forced to submit. But immediately after the formation of the Gorskaya ASSR, the leadership of the Kabardin district initiated the raising of the issue of national autonomy. The issue was discussed at meetings of various bodies of the party and Soviet authorities, as well as at the congress of the peoples of Kabarda. A large array of materials was deposited in the central and regional archives, many of which were introduced into scientific circulation by researchers. There were many publications in various collections of documents. But there are still a number of important documents that have not been published, but which are of fundamental importance for the reconstruction of the processes of the national-state development of Kabarda. In particular, the unpublished materials of the meeting of the Kabardin district committee of the RCP (b), held on June 10, 1921, and the congress of the peoples of Kabarda, held on June 11–13, 1921, are of particular interest. Their analysis reveals the course and nature of the complex process of the socio-political struggle of the leadership of Kabarda for secession from the Mountain ASSR. In this regard, the publication of these documents and materials will contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes of formation of the Kabardian Autonomous Region.

It was revealed that at the beginning of the XXI century joint activities of some Kabardian public associations, founded at the beginning of the XXI century (Circassian Congress, etc.), and some other Circassian public associations of the Russian Federation and the Circassian diaspora was focused on solving the components of the Circassian question at the federal and international levels: the problem of recognizing and condemning the Circassian genocide committed by tsarism at the end of the 18th–19th centuries, the problem of repatriation and emergency evacuation of Circassians from Syria to Russia. The International Circassian Association carried out activities to solve at the federal level the problem of granting to foreign Circassians, in particular Syrian, obtaining Russian citizenship in a simplified manner in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on foreign compatriots. But Circassian public associations and ICA failed to achieve a solution to these problems at the federal level. The joint activities of Kabardian and other Circassian public associations of the Russian Federation and the Circassian diaspora on the solution of the Circassian question at the beginning of the XXI century, as well as the divergence of their positions on the question of holding the XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi (boycott by one group and support by another), testify about the preservation in the historical memory of the Adyghe people and, especially, in the memory of foreign Circassians of the large-scale tragedy in the New history of the Caucasus – the mass eviction of the Circassians into the Ottoman Empire, carried out by the authorities of Tsarist Russia (1858–1865), about the urgency of the problem of repatriation foreign Circassians.

Kabardin-Balkaria remains one of the most difficult republics in terms of interethnic relations. Their aggravation may pose a real threat not only to Kabardin-Balkaria itself, but also to the peace and tranquility of the entire north Caucasus. A characteristic feature of the social and political life of modern Kabardin-Balkaria is the inextricable link between the ethno-confessional situation, youth activity and the problem of interethnic relations. Studying the ideas of young people about the state of interethnic relations, the characteristics and factors of their formation, about the reasons and ways of the spread of national extremism will make it possible to develop more effective strategies in the field of regulating interethnic relations that are adequate to the needs and interests of one of the most active groups of the population. This article uses the data of a sociological survey of youth in the KBR, conducted in October-November 2019 by the department of organization of work with youth of the Kabardin-Balkarian state university. The developed program and research tools make it possible to answer a number of questions about the state and prospects of the development of interethnic relations in the youth environment of the Kabardin-Balkarian Republic. Research data indicate that the majority of respondents blame the escalation of tensions in Kabardin-Balkaria on those political forces and organizations (national, extremist) that make political capital on the accentuation of intergroup differences and the exploitation of xenophobia. It should be emphasized that the respondents do not give unambiguous answers to many questions. A comparative analysis of these results does not allow us to identify a certain sequence and patterns in the nature of the spread of nationalist and religious extremist views among young people of various ethnic groups and places of residence. At the same time, the results of the survey illustrate the tendency of youth preferences for tolerant interaction of all ethnic groups of the republic.

The article is devoted to the study of the life and literary heritage of one of the significant creative figures in the Kabardian literature of the 60s – 80s. Of the twentieth century, which determined the features of the formation and development trends of national prose of the specified period. The relevance of the stated topic is due to the fact that until now in the Adygeyan literary criticism there are no generalizing works on the study of milestones in the biography and a comprehensive analysis of the literary work of A. Naloev. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive substantive and structural-compositional analysis of the writer's works is carried out, starting from the first sketches in the form of miniatures and satirical and humorous stories, ending with larger genres – a story and a novel. The aim of the study is to recreate a complete biographical and creative picture of the life of a talented writer, philologist, educator, educator who raised a whole generation of artists and workers of culture and education. To achieve the goal, a number of tasks are solved, among the main ones – the study of the milestones of the biography of A. Naloev, the analysis of works, the consideration of the ideological and thematic orientation and the genre-style paradigm of the writer's work, determination of the role and place of his creative heritage in national literature and in general in cultural development Adyghe ethnos. The study used general scientific methods with an emphasis on the method of analysis, description and generalization. The results obtained have theoretical significance for further study of national literatures. They can become a significant practical help in writing various kinds of research papers, as well as in the preparation of special courses in universities and colleges.

The article examines the aspects of the involvement of the Adygs in the internal relations of the Islamic world, assesses the inevitability of their contact with the ideas of Islamic reformism and the reflection of these ideas in the literature. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the reflection of the paradigm of Islamic reformism in the written culture of the Adygs is one of the least studied pages of it. The few artistic reflections that are discussed in the work capture a clear attitude to the Turkophile tendencies that have emerged in the mainstream of this paradigm. In the didactic and journalistic writings of the leaders of the Baksan cultural movement, one can see the authoritative affiliation of the ideas they develop. However, it is not so much the socio-political aspects of the idea of Muslim unity that dominate, but its cultural potential, which opens up the possibility of reviving its own ethnic world.