SCHOOLS OF THE RUSSIAN LINGUISTICS. RESEMBLANCES AND DIFFERENCIES

The article compares the main scientific schools that emerged in Russian linguistics in the second half ofthe nineteenth century: the Kharkov school (A. A. Potebnya), the Moscow school (F. F. Fortunatov), and the two schoolsfounded by I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay in Kazan and St. Petersburg. Although each of the schools has been studied ina variety of publications, a systematic comparison of the ideas and methods of these schools has not, as a rule, beenmade. An attempt is made to trace the fate of each of these schools in the twentieth century. While the Kharkov andKazan schools gradually died out, in Moscow and St. Petersburg – Petrograd – Leningrad we can note the continuityand preservation of traditions. Fortunatov’s school preserved the general principles of positivist science of the nineteenthcentury longer than others, but the Moscow school was not accidentally called formal by its opponents. The articleshows how Fortunatov’s desire to rigorously prove his positions and to abandon psychologism contributed to the mostrapid transition of the new generation of the school to structuralism. Baudouin de Courtenay’s ideas were innovativeand anticipated many ideas of twentieth-century language science, but the scholar’s desire to give a psychologicalinterpretation to the phenomena in question was not characteristic of other schools. Often this or that school adopted theideas of other schools, reinterpreting them: the notion of the phoneme, introduced by Baudouin, was adopted by the Moscow school, but was understood not as a psychological one, but as a sense-differentiating one. Both in Moscow and in St. Petersburg a number of traditions still exist today. Consideration of the origins

Scientific school, Potebnya, Fortunatov, Baudoin de Courtenay, Schakhmatov, Scherba, Vinogradov, phoneme