Russian Agricultural Sciences

Studies to study the effect of new forms of carbamide-formaldehyde fertilizers (UF) with prolonged action on the yield and quality of spring wheat grains were conducted in 2024–2025 in the Smolensk region on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil in a microfield experiment. Experimental scheme: – background (control); background + N carbamide; background + N (UF-1); background + N (UF-2); background + N 60 (UF-3); 60 background + N ammonium nitrate. 60 Agrochemical characteristics 60 of the soil: humus content 60 (according to Tyurin) – 1.96 60 %, mobile forms of PO 60 and KO (according to Kirsanov) – 96.1 and 115.0 mg/kgof soil, respectively, pH – 5.7. The growing seasons of 2024 and 2025 2 were 5 characterized 2 by elevated air temperature and excessive precipitation in June and KCl July, and in August, during grain loading, precipitation was below the climatic norm (60–70 % of the annual average). It was found that the use of three new forms of CFCs increases the yield of spring wheat grain by 37–65 %, and the use of urea and ammonium nitrate in the same doses by 54 % and 61 %, respectively. The maximum yield in the experiment was noted from UF-1 to 320 g/m2 (+ 65 % of the control). The crude protein content significantly increased by 1.2 % relative to the control when adding UF-2 (11.97 %). The use of new nitrogen fertilizers studied in the experiment (except UF-2) had a positive effect on the accumulation of nitrogen consumed in grain, increasing the nitrogen index (the proportion of nitrogen accumulated in grain from its total accumulation in the crop) from 63 % to 68 %. UF-1 has the highest efficiency of the new forms of fertilizers, which is confirmed by the maximum experimental increase in yield to control, nitrogen removal by yield (+ 58.7 %), nitrogen utilization rate of fertilizer (56.4 %), and the payback of UF nitrogen by grain yield increase (21 kgof grain/kgN).

The research was conducted in 2022–2024 in the Ulyanovsk region in order to evaluate the collection material according to the main economically valuable characteristics in order to identify the best samples. The object of research was 110 collectible samples of seeded peas of various ecological and geographical origin, the standard – zoned variety of the Pendant. As a result of the study, sources of high seed productivity were identified – Buslay (RF) (3.93 t/ha), Poltavets (Ukraine) (3.96 t/ha), Tsarevich (Ukraine) (3.99 t/ha), which is 6.1…10.8 % significantly higher than the standard. The samples G. 0000557 (China), Lu 153-06 lupinoid (Russia), Waldmanns (Ger- many), Ul-319/17 (Russia), characterized by the largest number of productive nodes (5.0…6.2 units, which is 8.7…34.7 % higher than the standard variety, were identified as valuable sources of traits that determine seed productivity. Tsarevich (Ukraine) and B-3729/2 (Russian Federation) turned out to be sources of high seed weight from the plant (1.5 g). A high number of seeds from the plant was found in samples Yamalsky 305 (RF) and Waldmanns (Germany) (25.7 and 23.8, respectively). The best performance indicators for bob were demonstrated by Streletskiy 11 (RF) (6.0 units), KT-6506 (RF) (5.8 units) and SH-95-69-3 (5.6 pcs.), which is 1.6…2.0 pcs. higher than the values of the standard grade. Schors Rappoldshofer (Germany) (350.4 g), 9964 Mexico (309.4 g) and Kumir (RF) (258.7 g), which surpass the standard Kulon variety by 20,8…80 %, were identified as sources of a high mass of 1000 seeds. The sources of stunting and resistance to lodging 9 points are highlighted – Azur (Germany) – stem height 37.4 cm, Ul-355/17 (Russia) – 31.6 cm, Biathlon (France) – 30.7 cm (22.6…29.3 cmbelow the standard). The isolated pea samples will be used as genetic sources in crossbreeding, which will allow the creation of new pea varieties that combine high productivity, quality and resistance to lodging.

Over the past decades, the range and functionality of mobile electrotechnological units for plant protection and their component parts (power sources, electrical converters, and electrode technology) have expanded and changed. This is driven by the desire to use cost-effective control methods and power electronic devices, increase efficiency, and reduce the weight and dimensions of component parts. The objective of the study is to develop a concept and propose technical and technological solutions to ensure the development of mobile electrotechnological units for plant protection and the implementation of effective electrical technologies. The design of an electrotechnological unit begins with a study of the object itself. The results of this study determine its technical appearance and design and technological scheme, the types of working elements (electrodes) used, and the operating modes of the main components and component parts. The methodology can be used at the design stage of a mobile electrotechnological unit to select a rational design option for the electrical equipment and electronics, estimate their mass, analyze the quality of electrical energy, and select the parameters of the main components and operating mode. The presented conceptual scheme for substantiating the development of electrotechnological installations for plant protection from weeds contains five blocks: mobile energy; electrical converters; electrode systems with plant objects and the soil environment, including six unitary ES schemes (radial-ring and two, three, four, five-electrode); the fourth block with twelve forms of electrodes; the fifth block (presents conceptual criteria for the technical support of ZR, aimed at reducing costs, increasing labor productivity and protecting the environment).

An urgent research challenge is the development of automated methods for monitoring maize diseases using computer vision and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Traditional visual inspection by agronomists is laborintensive and inefficient for detecting early infection stages, leading to significant yield losses. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a method for detecting maize leaf spot from UAV-acquired RGB images using a convolutional neural network (CNN) ResNet-50. The study object was maize fields in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Imaging was performed with an industrial UAV DJI Matrice 300 equipped with a 20 MP RGB camera. A dataset of ~14,000 images was collected, including 6000 healthy and 8000 diseased leaves. ResNet-50 with fine-tuning was used for binary classification. Model performance was evaluated using Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-score. The model achieved an overall Accuracy of ≈92 % and F1-score of 0.91, reliably distinguishing healthy and infected leaves under field conditions. Based on the infection index I , Variable Rate Application (VRA) maps were generated, prescribing fungicide application rates of 120, 180, andd 250 L/haacross field zones. Unlike most studies limited to classification, the proposed approach is integrated into the agro-engineering framework of precision agriculture, CNN outputs are converted into ISOXML/Shape prescription maps compatible with ISOBUS/ RTK sprayers. The practical significance lies in reducing pesticide costs and chemical load on agroecosystems while maintaining crop protection efficiency. Future work will focus on extending detection to multiple diseases and incorporating multispectral data.

The article presents the results of research on identifying the characteristics and degree of wear of the working surface of the universal arrow-shaped cultivator blade for flat-cut tillage on traction resistance and specific resistance to loosening. As a result of the analysis of the factors affecting the wear process, the features of the interaction of the arrowshaped blade with the soil were identified, and the wear of the arrowshaped blade was assessed from an operational point of view, taking into account the technological process, working conditions, and angular parameters of the arrowshaped blade. During the loosening process, when the cultivated layer is separated from the soil mass, the toe of the blade experiences the greatest load. The lateral cutting edges, following the disturbed soil structure, experienceless resistance and continue the loosening process. The resistance forces create pressure on the cutting edges of the plow, resulting in friction forces. The intensity of wear depends on several factors, including the dullness of the plow’scutting edges, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil determine the coefficient of friction between the soil and steel, the cutting angle (the angle of the plow), and other factors. The full wear zone of the plow’stoe extends 27 mmfrom the top of the angle, and the intensity of wear on the side cutting edges gradually decreases as it moves away from the top. The wear zone in the middle section ends at a distance of 67 mmfrom the top of the angle when measured along the plow’saxis. The wear zone on the side edges extends further, but with less intensity, upto a distance of 110–115 mmfrom the top of the angle. According to the results of experimental studies on the effect of paw bluntness on the traction force, it was found that when the paw wear increases by 75 %, the traction force and the specific resistance coefficient increase by 19 % and 8 %, respectively.

Finding research gaps is important in the field of application of technological processing aids (TPAs) in the food system of sugar production, which is associated with the lack of a sufficient theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of their interaction with each other and with the main components of the food system. The aim of the study was to substantiate the effective use of functional TPAs in the process of extracting sucrose from low-quality sugar beet. Identification of patterns of TPAs influence was carried out by means of a numerical experiment for two factors at three levels of variation. Each of the experiment variants reflected the ratio of the total dose of the introduced TPAs composition (15.0, 22.5 and 30.0 kg/1000 tons of beets – factor A) and the degree of bacterial infection of beet juice (4, 8 and 12 pcs. of mucous inclusions – factor B) specified by the planning matrix. It was found that under the influence of increasing the total dose of the TPAs combination, including an enzyme preparation, an antimicrobial agent and an antifoam, there was an increase in the sucrose content in the diffusion and purified juices and the effect of purification of the diffusion juice by 0.93 % and 0.97 % (relative to dry matter mass), respectively, and the purification efficiency of diffusion juice increased by 2.10 %. At the same time, a decrease in the consumption of lime milk, limestone and conventional fuel, as well as sucrose losses due to its content in the pulp and molasses was noted. The obtained relationship equations linking the total dosage of the tested combination of agents to the degree of bacterial contamination of beet juice convincingly indicated the absence of differences between the actual and calculated values of the studied parameters. A statistically significant effect on the variation of the sucrose content in both diffusion and purified juices of the degree of bacterial infection of beet juice (80.0 and 78.1 %) was revealed, for the effect of purification of the diffusion juice it was 26.7 %. The minimum possible consumption of limestone, consumption of conventional fuel and sucrose content in molasses can be obtained by processing sugar beets of the second and third degree of bacterial infection of beet juice (4…8 pieces of mucous inclusions) using the TPAs composition in the sucrose extraction process with a total maximum total dose of 30.0 kg/1000 tons of beets.