Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka

The work was carried out in stationary field experiments in the southern forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region (Omsk district) in 2003–2023. The aim of the research is to establish the influence of multi-level agricultural technologies on the water and nutrient regimes of the soil, weed infestation and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenoses, grain yield and quality. The experimental design included predecessors, soil cultivation systems and different levels of intensity of agricultural technologies for grain crops: extensive (without the use of fertilizers and plant protection products), normal (treatment of crops with a tank mixture of herbicides), semi-intensive (application of N₆₀P₆₀ and treatment with herbicides), intensive (use of N₆₀P₆₀ , herbicides, fungicides). In the intensive agricultural technology variant, the weed infestation of crops decreases by 3.3…4.7 times compared to the control, while the number of weeds increases when grain crops are removed from fallow land and soil cultivation is minimized. The highest yield of spring wheat in the experiment was formed in the variant with intensive agricultural technology on a fallow predecessor on moldboard and combined soil cultivation systems and amounted to 4.18…4.22 t/ha. The increase in yield from the use of chemicals by increasing influence was: from fertilizers 0.35 t/ha, herbicides – 0.39, herbicides and fertilizers – 0.74, fungicides – 0.89, a complex of intensification agents – 2.01 t/ha. In semi-intensive and intensive agricultural technologies, combined resource-saving tillage in crop rotation has an advantage – 2.16…2.86 tons of grain from 1 ha of arable land, which is 0.28 t / ha higher than the minimum-zero. Grain quality with intensive agricultural technology improved in comparison with extensive (natural weight 750…762 g / l, protein 13.1…14.6 %, gluten 26.4…29.4 %), the content of residual quantities of ecotoxicants in the products is absent.

The research was carried out in 1995–2024 in Samara region to develop six-row spring barley cultivars adapted to the arid conditions of the Middle Volga region. Collection and selection barley accessions were used as material for breeding work. The main methods of breeding were intraspecific pair hybridization, bulk method and single plant selection. The six-row morphotype of spring barley is characterized by higher indices of number of grains and grain weight from the main ear in comparison with the two-row ones, on average by 72.7 % and 28.0 %, respectively, and higher harvest index (by 7.8 %), but inferior in weight of 1000 kernels by 13.8 %, tillering capacity by 17.0 %, grain yield by 4.5 %. Fifty-nine sources of traits valuable for breeding of six-row barley were identified, of which the complex of traits, including high grain productivity, was characterized by samples: k-30035, k-30719, k-30720, k-30883, k-30983 (hulled barley) and k-30173 (hulless barley). With the involvement of selected accessions, a new source material for breeding was developed. Barley cultivars ‚Sarych’ ((Vakula × Orlan) and ‚PoseiDon’ (Vakula × Timofey) of intensive type with grain yield at the level of two-row checks in typical and drought years and responsiveness to improved moisture conditions were breeding. The grain yield of ’Sarych’ cultivar in 2019–2021 was 1.81…4.10 t/ha, on average 2.71 t/ha, test weight 637…684 g/l, weight of 1000 kernels 36.8…42.0 g, protein content in grain 12.5 %. The cultivar ‚PoseiDon’ (created in co-operation with Agrarian Research Centre ’Donskoy’ ) was characterized by an average grain yield of 2.97 t/ha (0.96…4.35 t/ha for 2020–2022), test weight 624…686 g/l, weight of 1000 kernels 33.0…47.8 g, grain protein content 12.0…14.0 %. By the weight of 1000 grains new cultivars are comparable to the two-row check ’Berkut’, inferior to it only by 1.5…2.5 %.

The work was carried out in 2021–2024 in Kirov region to assess the gene pool of winter rye for resistance to snow mold and root rot to identify the most resistant to fungal diseases and adaptive to the conditions of cultivation in Kirov region. The material for the study were 9 varieties (Vyatka 2, Kirovskaya 89, Falenskaya 4, Snezhana, Rushnik, Flora, Grafinya, Batiste, Lika) of selection of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the North-East and 8 promising populations (Graphite, Graphite FP, Harmony, Perepel, Symphony, Kiprez, Talitsa, Falenskaya universal). Two varieties, Lika (88.1 %) and Flora (82.5 %), were distinguished by tolerance to snow mold. Juvenile resistance to root rot was shown by Harmony (degree of damage 13.3 %), Flora (13.5 %), Graphite (14.6 %), Graphite FP (14.9 %), Rushnik (15.1 %), Perepel (15.2 %); age resistance – Harmony, Flora, Graphite, Graphite FP, Rushnik, Perepel, Symphony (13.3…15.7 %), which may be of some interest for breeding for increasing resistance to this disease. The most favorable conditions for the formation of high grain yield were formed in 2022, when the average productivity of varieties was 749.1 g/m², with the index of the environment I_j = 168.8. Reliably by 118.5…212.0 g/m² standard Falenskaya 4 (NSR₀₅ = 143.8) on the value of this indicator exceeded 7 varieties (Lika, Symphony, Graphite FP, Batiste, Perepel, Flora, Snezhana). The greatest plasticity of the trait «yield» is characterized by Batiste, Perepel, Graphite FP, Flora, Lika (b_i = 2.33…1.24), which can be attributed to highly responsive to the improvement of cultivation conditions. Flora and Batiste varieties formed stable productivity (S²d_i = 495.08…1034.31). Vyatka 2, Snezhana, Graphite, Symphony (U_max – U_min = –248.0…–174.0) showed the highest stress tolerance to contrasting conditions of the region. The samples possessing a complex of indicators were singled out: Flora, Batiste, Lika, Graphite FP, Perepel, Symphony.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of components (factor A) and their seeding rates in mixtures (factor B), the level of mineral nutrition (factor C) in the formation of lawn mixtures on weed infestation and their quality over the years of grass stand use in order to recommend the most effective of them for production. The experimental design included the following options: factor A – creeping clover + meadow bluegrass, creeping clover + perennial ryegrass, creeping clover + meadow fescue; factor B – 70 + 40 %, 55 + 55 %, 40 + 70 %; factor C – control (without fertilizers); P₄₅K₄₅; N₃₀P₄₅K₄₅. In the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region, two experiments (in 2019 and 2020) were conducted on leached chernozem and a study of grass mixtures for 3 years of use (2020–2023). The lawn mixtures were mowed 4…5 times per season when they reached a height of 10…12 cm. In terms of weed infestation, the mixtures were rated at 1 point (slightly weedy) in the first and second years of use and 2 points (moderately weedy) in the third year. By the third year of use, the lowest number of annual weeds was noted in mixtures of creeping clover with meadow bluegrass – 10.1…19.0 pcs/m². With an increase in the fertilizer dose, the number of weeds decreased compared to the control – 10.1…22.8 pcs/m², in the control variants – 10.5–26.4 pcs/m². In the first year of using mixtures of creeping clover with meadow bluegrass and meadow fescue, the quality of the lawns was rated as «excellent». In the second year, fescue mixtures showed «good» and «excellent» ratings, while bluegrass and ryegrass mixtures mostly received «good» ratings, with some «satisfactory» variants. In the third year, clover-bluegrass mixtures showed the best characteristics: excellent density (6 points), high projective cover (5 points), complex rating – 30 points, which corresponds to the highest quality level.

Impact of growth-promoting rhizobacteria of genus Pseudomonas application on mineral nutrition of spring wheat in growing on artificially Cu-contaminated in elevated concentration agrogray soil were studied in pot experiment. Plants were grown up to shooting stage with copper nitrate contamination at a rate of 300 mg Cu/kg of soil against background of PK fertilization. Content of Cu and other elements in shoots and roots after combustion in mixture of HNO₃: HClO₄ (2:1) was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission-optical spectrometry, potassium by flame photometry. N content was determined by indophenol technique after combustion of plant material in dilute sulfuric acid with catalyst. Bacteria application increased plant resistance to elevated copper concentration and increased plant weight, thereby reducing phytotoxicity of heavy metal. Positive effect of bacteria was due to improvement in mineral nutrition of plants – increase in uptake of biophilic elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn from contaminated soil. At the same time, bacteria as a whole did not affect content of almost all elements in plant shoots and increased uptake of elements by plants due to the promotion of their growth, probably as a result of production of physiologically active compounds by bacteria. Growth promotion of heavy metal-contaminated plants and elevated it uptake by plants in application of bacteria occurred without changes in soil medium reaction. Improving mineral nutrition of plants, along with increasing barrier ability of root system to increase of heavy metal uptake by roots in application of all bacteria, are main mechanisms for growth promoting contaminated plants.

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of phytobiotic and probiotic substances, as well as dietary fibers and enterosorbents on productive characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, mineral balance and intestinal microbiota of laying hens in order to develop measures to optimize mineral nutrition with the inclusion of bioactive substances in the diet. The work was carried out on hens of cross Hisex Brown at the age from 90 to 210 days, which corresponds to the phase of active formation of reproductive system and accumulation of key trace elements in the body. The inclusion of various biologically active substances had a specific effect on the excretion of certain minerals from the body and the balance of bacterial communities, which ultimately affected the overall productivity of poultry and the efficiency of feed utilization. The use of phytogenic Digestarom showed an increase in egg production by 7.78 % (p ≤ 0.05), which is associated with the activation of carbohydrate and protein metabolism, as well as changes in the composition of intestinal microflora. In the blind intestine of birds of the group receiving the enterosorbent Tsamax, there was a decrease in the number of bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium and Lactobacillus, while the number of cellulosolytics increased, correlating with the level of K, Cr and Mn. Application of the probiotic Vetom resulted in a decrease in the same families, which was correlated with the assimilation of Cr, Se and Co. The dietary fiber supplement Arbocel stimulated the growth of Pseudomonadota bacteria and decreased the amount of Bacillota; the number of microorganisms of the Oscillospiraceae family correlated with the levels of I, Fe and P. Digestarom use induced a decrease in Lactobacillaceae (by 13,7 %) and an increase in Oscillospiraceae (by 19,7 %), Clostridiaceae (by 61,2 %), Lachnospiraceae (by 39,2 %), related to Mg and K levels.

False flax (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) is a promising oilseed crop for use in animal husbandry. The aim of the work was to determine the physiological status of cows and the biochemical composition of their milk under the influence of feeding micronized seeds of Camelina sativa. In the Tambov region, 2 groups(control and experimental) of Simmental cows(live weight 500 kg, daily milk yield 18 kg) were formed in accordance with the requirements for the selection of analogues in a breeding reproducer. The experiment was carried out in the stable period after 1.5…2 months after calving of animals aged 2…3 lactation. For balancing the ration of cows of the experimental group in terms of protein and energy content were used seeds of Camelina sativa, previously heat-treated (by micronization), in the amount of 5 % by weight of the grain mixture. Biochemical parameters of animals’ blood and milk composition were studied in the experiment. In cows that consumed false flax seeds in the diet, protein-carbohydrate and fat metabolism were more intense. The concentration of glucose in their blood was higher by 0.26 mmol/l, total cholesterol – by 0.64 mmol/l, alanine aminotransferase activity (AlAT) – by 12.07 U/l, urea content-lower by 1.44 mmol/l. The mass fraction of fat in milk under the influence of feeding ginger seeds increased by 0.35 % compared to the traditional diet. At the same time, the content of such especially valuable unsaturated fatty acids as linoleic acid (up to 1.3 times) and linolenic acid (up to 2.7 times) increased in its composition.