Global Criminal Alliances: The Phenomenon of Interaction between European Union and Latin American Criminal Organizations

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The research focuses on the evolution of transnational organized crime, mechanisms of interaction between criminal structures in these two regions, and the impact of this cooperation on global security. Special attention is given to the analysis of criminal flow convergence, including drug trafficking, money laundering, and arms trade. The study investigates the transformation process of local criminal organizations into global criminal networks, as well as the formation of shadow enclaves in Latin America. The object of research includes specific cases of cooperation between European and Latin American criminal groups, their methods and strategies, and the socio-economic and political factors contributing to the development of this phenomenon. The research employs an interdisciplinary approach, combining methods from criminology, political science, sociology, and economics. Data is sourced from official reports, academic publications, and expert interviews. The scientific novelty of the research lies in its comprehensive analysis of international criminal alliances, viewing transnational organized crime as a complex adaptive system. Key findings include the identification of trends towards the formation of stable transcontinental criminal networks, determination of key factors facilitating this process, and analysis of its impact on regional and global security. The author's contribution is the development of the "shadow enclaves" concept as key nodes in the structure of international criminal alliances. The study also reveals new forms of criminal cooperation, including the symbiosis of terrorism and drug trafficking.The article provides insights for developing more effective strategies to counter transnational organized crime, emphasizing the need for enhanced international cooperation in law enforcement, legislative harmonization, and anti-corruption efforts.

References

  1. Erazo J. L. Grupos delictivos organizados y corrupción en la era del microtráfico // Aula Virtual. – 2024. – Т. 5. – №. 12. – P. 446-465.
  2. Bouchard M. Collaboration and boundaries in organized crime: A network perspective // Crime and Justice. – 2020. – Т. 49. – №. 1. – P. 425-469.
  3. Phillips B. J., Schiele A. Dogs and cats living together? Explaining the Crime-Terror Nexus //Terrorism and Political Violence. – 2023. – P. 1-17.
  4. Gold exports 'more attractive than cocaine' to Colombia's criminal gangs, research finds, 17-02-21 // Global Trade Review URL: https://www.gtreview.com/news/americas/gold-exports-more-attractive-than-cocaine-to-colombias-criminal-gangs-research-finds/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  5. Hernández-Cetina A. W. C., Ripoll A., García-Perilla J. C. "El Clan del golfo":¿ el nuevo paramilitarismo o delincuencia organizada? // El Ágora USB. – 2018. – Vol. 18. – №. 2. – P. 512-526.
  6. Colombia: Incautan más de 2 millones de dólares en lingotes de oro al Clan del Golfo, 23 Julio, 2018 // CNN URL: https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2018/07/23/colombia-incautan-mas-de-2-millones-de-dolares-en-lingotes-de-oro-al-clan-del-golfo/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  7. Azpilcueta M. K. A. Ilícitos penales derivados de la minería ilegal de oro en el Perú: Caso Madre de Dios // M+ A, revista electrónica de medioambiente. – 2018. – Vol. 19. – №. 2. – P. 159-177.
  8. Illicit Confluences: The Intersection of Cocaine and Illicit Timber in the Amazon, 10/16/2017 // Small Wars Journal URL: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/illicit-confluences-intersection-cocaine-and-illicit-timber-amazon#_edn55 (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  9. Наркотики: современные проблемы, 2023 г. // Управление Организации Объединенных Наций по наркотикам и преступности URL: https://www.unodc.org/res/WDR-2023/2314940R.pdf (дата обращения: 10.05.2024).
  10. The Transatlantic Cocaine Market: Research Paper, April 2011 // UNODC URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Transatlantic_cocaine_market.pdf (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  11. Recordvangsten: 23 ton cocaïne onderschept, 24-02-2022 // Openbaar Ministerie URL: https://www.om.nl/actueel/nieuws/2021/02/24/recordvangsten-23-ton-cocaine-onderschept (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  12. El decomiso de armas más grande de la historia de nuestro país, 26 de junio de 2019 // Ministerio de Seguridad URL: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/el-decomiso-de-armas-mas-grande-de-la-historia-de-nuestro-pais (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  13. Quién es "Techo 'e Paja", el antiguo capo boliviano que fue socio de Pablo Escobar y ha vuelto a ser detenido, 23 abril 2021 // BBC News Mundo URL: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56698869 (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  14. Cortés-Castillo D. E. Organized transnational crime: Mexican drug trafficking organizations in Colombia // Novum jus. – 2020. – Vol. 14. – №. 2. – P. 123-146.
  15. González C. Narcosur: la sombra del narcotráfico mexicano en la Argentina. – Marea Editorial, 2014. – Vol. 43. – P. 12-32.
  16. Las pruebas que recaudó la Policía colombiana enviaron a la cárcel al segundo hombre más importante de la mafia italiana, 7/11/2020 // Semana URL: https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/asi-cayo-en-colombia-el-segundo-hombre-mas-importante-de-la-mafia-italiana/202049/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  17. Neves Y., Betancur M. PCC-'Ndrangheta, the International Criminal Alliance Flooding Europe with Cocaine // InSight Crime. – 2019. – 9 p.
  18. 'Ndrangheta holding – 2008 Dossier // Eurispes URL: https://eurispes.eu/en/report-research/ndrangheta-holding-2008-dossier/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  19. 'Ndrangheta, arrestato in Brasile Rocco Morabito: era il numero 2 dei latitanti italiani dopo Messina Denaro, 24 maggio 2021 // la Repubblica URL: https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/05/24/news/ndrangheta_arrestato_in_brasile_rocco_morabito_era_il_numero_2_dei_latitanti_dopo_messina_denaro-302626463/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  20. El mayor narcotraficante albanés hizo negocios en Ecuador, 13 de Diciembre del 2019 // Plan V URL: https://www.planv.com.ec/investigacion/investigacion/el-mayor-narcotraficante-albanes-hizo-negocios-ecuador (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  21. La provincia de Sucumbíos en Ecuador: santuario de narcotraficantes, 8 Noviembre 2019 // Insight Crime URL: https://es.insightcrime.org/noticias/analisis/la-provincia-de-sucumbios-en-ecuador-santuario-de-narcotraficantes/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  22. La guerra, a sangre y fuego, que estaría librando 'Gentil Duarte' en Putumayo, 7 de agosto de 2019 // El País URL: https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/la-guerra-a-sangre-y-fuego-que-estaria-librando-gentil-duarte-en-putumayo.html (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  23. Comunidad de San José de Wisuya y Resguardo Buenavista, Territorio Colectivo Binacional Indígena Siona en Inminente Riesgo de Exterminio, 14 de enero de 2019 // Insight Crime URL: https://insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/InformeVerificación-ADHN-FINAL.pdf (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  24. Чумакова М. Л. Наступление китайской мафии в Латинской Америке // Латинская Америка. – 2014. – №. 4. – С. 17-23.
  25. Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Western hemisphere of The Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives. 115 Congress. First Session. Serial No. 115–86, November 8, 2017 // U.S. Government Publishing Office URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg27514/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg27514.pdf (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  26. Red lavaba desde Paraguay cada tres meses hasta USD 1,4 millones, 19 mayo 2018 // Última Hora URL: https://www.ultimahora.com/red-lavaba-paraguay-cada-tres-meses-usd-14-millones-n1148407.html (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  27. Treasury Targets Corruption Networks in Paraguay, August 24, 2021 // U.S. Department of the Treasury URL: https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0332 (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  28. Realuyo C. B. The Terror-Crime Nexus: Hezbollah's Global Facilitators // Prism. – 2014. – Vol. 5. – №. 1. – P. 116-131.
  29. da Cunha Kalil M. A. Política Externa de Defesa no Século XXI: Riscos e Consequências para o Brasil de um Possível Reconhecimento do Hezbollah como Organização Terrorista // Revista da escola de guerra naval. – 2020. – Vol. 26. – №. 2. – P. 11-34.
  30. Keefe P. R. The geography of badness: Mapping the hubs of the illicit global economy // Convergence: Illicit networks and national security in the age of globalization. – 2013. – P. 97-110.
  31. Homicides Pile Up in Ecuador in Revenge for Key Drug Seizure, 20 August 2021 // Insight Crime URL: https://insightcrime.org/news/homicides-pile-up-in-ecuador-in-revenge-for-key-drug-seizure/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  32. Ecuador: A Cocaine Superhighway to the US and Europe, 30 october 2019 // Insight Crime URL: https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/ecuador-a-cocaine-superhighway-to-the-us-and-europe/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  33. Idler A. Arrangements of convenience: violent non-state actor relationships and citizen security in the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. – University of Oxford, – 2014. – 143 p.
  34. Ecuador Bulk Cash Smuggling Reflects New Laundering Trend, 11 April 2013 // Insight Crime URL: https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/rise-in-ecuador-cash-smuggling-reflects-wider-crime-trends/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  35. Money Laundering from Environmental Crime: Report, 2021 // FATF URL: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Money-Laundering-from-Environmental-Crime.pdf (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  36. Ecuador: minera denuncia a más de 60 personas que se oponen a actividad extractiva en su territorio, 18 mayo 2021 // Mongabay URL: https://es.mongabay.com/2021/05/ecuador-minera-denuncia-a-mas-de-60-personas/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  37. Garat G. Paraguay: The cannabis breadbasket of the Southern Cone // Transnational Institute, Drug Policy Briefing. – 2016. – №. 46. – P. 10-18.
  38. Paraguay Seizes 16 Tons of Marijuana, 29 July 2022 // Diálogo Américas URL: https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/paraguay-seizes-16-tons-of-marijuana/#.ZGVJziPP3IU (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  39. Terrorist and Organized Crime Groups in the Tri-Border Area (TBA) of South America, July 2013 // Office of Justice Programs URL: https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/terrorist-and-organized-crime-groups-tri-border-area-tba-south (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  40. Beserra L. D. Segurança Aduaneira brasileira: o tráfico marítimo de cocaína no porto de Santos e o seu impacto para a Segurança Internacional. – Universidade de Évora, – 2022. – P. 24-51.
  41. Continente Africano: Exportações e Importações, 28 Nov 2022 // Fazcomex URL: https://www.fazcomex.com.br/comex/continente-africano-exportacoes-e-importacoes/ (accessed: 10.05.2024).
  42. Sole Brigati M. Rip-on/rip-off modus operandi – what is the impact for the shipping industry? 2023 // Risk Intelligence A/S URL: https://www.riskintelligence.eu/analyst-briefings/rip-on-rip-off-modus-operandi-what-is-the-impact-for-the-shipping-industry (дата обращения: 10.05.2024).
  43. Misse M. Violence, criminal subjection and political merchandise in Brazil: an overview from Rio // International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. – 2018. – Vol. 7. – P. 135-148.
  44. Тимощеня В. А. Детерминанты транснациональной организованной преступности в Латинской Америке и Карибском бассейне: анализ социально-экономических факторов // Конфликтология/nota bene. – 2023. – №. 4. – С. 62-82.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Согласие на обработку персональных данных

 

Используя сайт https://journals.rcsi.science, я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных») даю согласие на обработку персональных данных на этом сайте (текст Согласия) и на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика» (текст Согласия).