Historical preconditions and factors for the implementation of educational experiments in the Soviet schools of Leningrad in the 1920s-1930s

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the historical preconditions and factors for the implementation of educational experiments in Soviet schools during the 1920s and 1930s in Leningrad. The study examines key stages in the formation of experimental pedagogical practices, their connection to the ideological goals of Soviet power, and the peculiarities of the socio-political development of the region. As a result of the historiographical analysis, the author identifies an insufficient reconstruction of the specifics of experimental practices specifically in the space of Leningrad. The subject of the research is the historical reconstruction of the preconditions for educational experiments carried out in Leningrad in the 1920s and 1930s, their causal relationships with the ideological and socio-political transformations of the region, as well as the transition of experimental practices from laboratories to the school space, their subsequent integration into the education system, and the gradual abandonment of experimental activity. Using a comprehensive approach based on a concrete-historical methodology, the author reveals the influence of pre-revolutionary pedagogical experience, scientific and pedagogical organizations, as well as socio-political transformations on the development of experimental practices. Special attention is paid to the characterization of experimental activity as a tool for forming the "new person," as well as the analysis of the specifics of implementing innovative methods and forms of education organization in the context of Leningrad. The article emphasizes the role of experimental laboratories, their transition into the school space and integration into the education system, as well as identifies the reasons for the gradual abandonment of a number of experimental practices by the early 1930s. The research is based on the analysis of archival materials, memoirs, and official documents, which allows for the reconstruction of the complex process of the establishment of the Soviet education system in the context of political and economic upheavals. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of educational experiments in shaping Soviet pedagogical policy and their impact on the development of the education system in Leningrad.

Educational experiments, pedology, education policy, new person, school-communes, League of Education, labor school, public consciousness, public organizations, pedagogical psychology.