The Colonial Kaqchikel verb ux and its role in non-verbal predication

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Abstract

The object of the study is the peculiarities of the Colonial Kaqchikel language (Mayan family), focusing on non-verbal clauses. Special attention is given to the verb "ux," its morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics, as well as its role in non-verbal predication. In modern Kaqchikel, this verb is absent (although it is preserved in related languages, where it functions lexically rather than as an auxiliary verb). The verb "ux" is not reconstructed in Proto-Mayan. The research material consists of a corpus of texts in the Kaqchikel language from the Colonial period, grammatical descriptions, and dictionaries from the XVI to the XIX century. The corpus analysis is primarily based on the text "Annals of the Kaqchikels" (a XVI century manuscript published by Daniel Brinton in 1885). The main method employed is morphosyntactic analysis. A connection between the semantic type of the non-verbal predicate and the structural configuration of the clause is identified. The features of copular and non-copular constructions in the Kaqchikel language of the Colonial period are described. The auxiliary function of the verb "ux" is demonstrated, which involves establishing a predicative link as well as expressing tense, aspect, and modality of non-verbal predicates. An attempt at etymological analysis of the verb "ux" is made, noting its cognates in closely related languages. The analysis shows that "ux" can modify all semantic types of non-verbal predicates and replace the existential copular element "k’o". However, the verb "ux" is never placed in the canonical (left) position of the predicate. Functional differences in aspectual forms of the verb "ux" are presented. Reduction in strategies for expressing tense, aspect, and modality of non-verbal predicates throughout the history of the Kaqchikel language is identified.

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