编号 10 (2025)
Articles
Ecology as a factor in cooperation between Russia and Brazil during the presidency of Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016)
摘要
The object of the study is the environmental factor in cooperation between Russia and Brazil during the presidency of Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016). The subject of the study is the process of Russian-Brazilian cooperation during this period, driven by the interests of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The purpose of the article is to examine the historical experience of bilateral cooperation between Brazil and the Russian Federation in environmental issues, and to identify key aspects of the countries' cooperation in this area. The environmental agenda is often used as an instrument of economic competition and political pressure. The main part of the text analyzes the environmental cooperation between Russia and Brazil as an example of a pragmatic approach, considering joint projects of the two states (the use of the GLONASS satellite system, cooperation in the agro-industrial sector, water resources management). The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency, which assume that all processes are considered in the context of a specific historical situation, and facts and events are analyzed together, and not separately from each other. Comparative-retrospective and historical-systematic methods of historical research were used in the work. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that there are practically no works in Russian historiography devoted to an in-depth analysis of the environmental factor of Russian-Brazilian cooperation. At the same time, the study of the environmental factor of cooperation between Russia and Brazil is of great importance for understanding the principles of interaction with the entire Latin American continent. State policy in the field of ecology is an integral part of the existence of any state, since each state is interested in preserving and improving the state of the environment (and, as a result, improving the quality of life of citizens). Currently, the environmental factor significantly influences the domestic policies of most countries and even their integrity. For Russia and Brazil, ecology is one of the most significant aspects of international relations. The article concludes that, despite the political changes in the world, ecology remains an important factor of cooperation for Russia and Brazil, striving for leadership and strengthening their international image.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):1-17
1-17
Historical conditions of the formation and origin of the Roman cult of the god Mithra
摘要
The subject of this study is the historical circumstances of the emergence of the cult of the god Mithras during the Roman Empire. A considerable number of scholarly works have been devoted to the study of the cult of Mithras, yet the question of the cult's origins and the historical circumstances of its formation remain definitively unresolved and have generated numerous debates in modern classical studies. This article examines the earliest stage of the cult's emergence during the Indo-European period. Based on an analysis of epigraphic and archaeological data, the author examines various aspects of the scholarly problem of the origin of the cult of the god Mithras and the routes of its penetration into the Roman Empire. Particular attention is given to the controversial issues of the origins of the cult of Mithras in its early stages. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its raising the question of the formation of the cult of the deity Mithras during the era of the Indo-European community, and the fact that Mithraism quite likely penetrated Rome from the Bosporan Kingdom, as it appeared in the Bosporus much earlier than in Rome. To analyze the material, the author used comparative historical, historical genetic, and typological methods. Terminological and lexical analysis of historical sources, along with traditional historiographical research methods, were also used: interdisciplinary analysis, periodization, retrospective and prospective analysis, and problem-chronological analysis. The article's main conclusion is that the cult of Mithra originated during the Indo-European era (5th–3rd millennia BC) and evolved during the Indo-Iranian period. It then penetrated the Roman Empire via the Bosporan Kingdom, becoming one of the main religions of antiquity. The author concludes that one of the routes by which Mithraism entered Rome was through the Bosporan Kingdom. The author offers her interpretation of the accumulated experience in modern Russian and foreign historical discourse in understanding the historiographic and specific historical components of studying the phenomenon of Mithraism and the history of its origins.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):18-30
18-30
Interdisciplinarity in contemporary studies of political and legal phenomena and doctrines
摘要
The subject of the research is the methodological potential of interdisciplinary approaches in the modern history of political and legal doctrines. The cognitive value of integrating historical-legal science with concepts and methods from related fields is analyzed: philosophy of science (V.I. Vernadsky, V.S. Stepin), global historiography (H. Igger), critical philosophy of history (K. Popper), as well as approaches within the legal science itself (V.G. Grafskiy, V.S. Nersesyants, L.S. Mamut, S.V. Kodan, E.A. Frolova, and others). The central question is how borrowing theoretical constructs and methodological principles from other disciplines allows overcoming narrow sectoral provincialism, expanding the subject field, and formulating new research questions in the study of the evolution of political-legal ideas and institutions. The comparative-historical method plays a leading role, applied to compare various methodological programs and identify common interdisciplinary trends within them. The historical-biographical method is used to reconstruct the views of individual scholars in the context of the development of their scientific approaches. Methods of theoretical modeling and conceptual analysis are applied to identify basic oppositions in legal understanding. The novelty of the research lies in the systematic synthesis and comparative analysis of disparate methodological proposals for renewing the history of political and legal doctrines. For the first time, a comprehensive understanding of the interdisciplinary potential of key methodological approaches is provided within a single study. The concept of the noosphere by V.I. Vernadsky is considered as a foundation for understanding the history of law as a significant element of the history of scientific knowledge, while the methodology of V.S. Stepin is applied to analyze legal phenomena as theoretical schemes. The system of principles proposed by V.G. Grafskiy, based on historicism and comparative analysis, stands in opposition to both mono-methodological approaches and Western legal universalism. The typology of legal understanding by V.S. Nersesyants gains particular significance as an analytical tool for identifying the deeper foundations of various legal traditions, while L.S. Mamut's methodological warning against "modernocentrism" becomes the basis for an adequate analysis of the doctrines of the past in their own organic context. It is demonstrated that it is precisely interdisciplinarity that opens the possibility for constructing a holistic history of law that takes into account the variability of legal rationality and the cultural diversity of the world.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):31-47
31-47
Gender aspects of collaboration in the territory of the Lokot District Self-Government.
摘要
The article analyzes the forms, motives, and socio-psychological characteristics of women's participation in the activities of the Lokot District Self-Government – the largest collaborationist formation operating in the occupied territory of the USSR from 1941 to 1943. The subject of the study is the involvement of women in the administrative, economic, sanitary, and educational structures of local government, their professional, family, and domestic roles, as well as the impact of women's labor on the sustainability of the occupied society and the stability of its social institutions. The work is based on materials from fund 2608 of the State Archive of Bryansk Region, including orders, directives, correspondence, reports, statements, and personal applications from residents, which allows for a detailed reconstruction of the real mechanisms of women's participation and adaptation in wartime and occupation conditions. Using microhistorical and gender analysis, the functional roles that women occupied within the occupation government are examined – ranging from clerical and sanitary to educational and economic. It is shown that women's participation in the self-government system was not an expression of ideological loyalty to the occupying power, but rather a forced form of adaptation and survival in conditions of a destroyed social and moral order. Women acted as intermediaries between administrative structures and the population, supporting the functioning of sanitation, education, supply, medical, and domestic infrastructure. It was through their everyday labor that basic forms of social organization were preserved, creating an "invisible framework" for the life of the occupied society and allowing people to maintain a sense of normalcy. As a result, the study reveals female collaborationism as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, intertwining coercion, labor necessity, a sense of duty, and individual self-preservation strategies. The work fills a significant gap in domestic historiography and emphasizes the necessity of incorporating a gender dimension into the analysis of the experience of war and occupation.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):48-55
48-55
The Role of Russian-Chinese Military Cooperation in Shaping a Multipolar World Order
摘要
The subject of this study is the military cooperation between Russia and China as a factor transforming the modern system of international relations and shaping a new architecture of global security. The object of the research is Russian-Chinese interaction in defense, military-technical exchange, and strategic planning within the framework of the emerging multipolar world order. The author analyzes the historical evolution, current forms, and institutional mechanisms of bilateral cooperation, including the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and other formats of strategic partnership. Particular attention is given to the impact of Russian-Chinese coordination on the architecture of global and regional security and its role in strengthening the principles of equality, non-interference, and collective responsibility. The analysis covers both military-technical and political-normative dimensions, revealing how this cooperation contributes to a stable and balanced model of international stability. The study employs methods of systemic and comparative analysis, the principles of political realism and constructivism, as well as elements of the theory of complex interdependence. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the role of Russian-Chinese military cooperation as a key factor in the institutionalization of a multipolar world order. The study shows that such interaction goes beyond traditional defense policy, serving as a strategic instrument for strengthening international stability. It contributes to the formation of new centers of power, reducing global tensions, and developing an alternative model of collective security based on trust and mutual benefit. The Russian-Chinese partnership performs a stabilizing function in the system of international relations of the 21st century and promotes a more balanced and equitable world order.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):56-68
56-68
On the experimental design work of the design bureau of engineer Kondakov from 1932 to 1938 (except for aircraft and dynamo-propelled guns)
摘要
The subject of research in this article is the activities of the design bureau of engineer Mikhail Nikolaevich Kondakov (Leningrad) during 1932–1938 in the context of the formation of a domestic scientific school of weapons design. A general description of the main directions of development of the design bureau in the field of small arms and cannon weapons (except for aircraft and dynamo-reactive guns) is given. The most important research and development projects of the specified period are identified and their description is carried out. The development of universal guns, automatic guns (except for aircraft), heavy infantry weapons, samples of self-propelled artillery are analyzed and other projects are listed. The complex of methods used included the processing of archival materials, historical and scientific analysis of fundamental works on the topic, and the comparative historical method. Analysis of the activities of the design bureau of engineer Kondakov from 1932 to 1938 and the identification of its role in the development of the domestic school of small arms and cannon weapons design has not received any significant coverage in domestic weapons science. The reason for this state of affairs is the significant fragmentation of archival documentation on this topic and the fragmentary degree of preservation in various museum collections of samples of experimental design work. Based on newly discovered information, the article for the first time builds a thematic series of developments by the design bureau of engineer Kondakov in 1932–1938. The role of this organization for the development of domestic weapons in the pre-war period is revealed.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):69-77
69-77
Hammersmiths of the Yekaterinburg plant in the first half of the 18th century
摘要
This article reconstructs the biographies of hammersmiths at the Yekaterinburg plant in the first half of the 18th century. The subject of the study is the professional and social group of hammersmiths at the Yekaterinburg plant in the first half of the 18th century as a key element of the industrial structure of the Ural mining and metallurgy sector. The study covers the formation and functioning of the hammersmith community, their labor and social relations, and the conditions for professional growth. Particular attention is paid to the individual biographies of the hammersmiths, which reflect the specifics of factory life, the dynamics of career trajectories, and the influence of administrative and economic factors on the workers' situation. Through an analysis of personal destinies, patterns of development in the industrial environment and social organization of Ural factories in the 18th century are revealed. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the biographies of representatives of this professional group and identify the factors that determined their social status, professional connections, and role in the production process. The methodological basis is formed by the principles of the "new biographical history," focused on the study of individual destinies as a tool for understanding the social and cultural processes of the era. The novelty of the study lies in its systematization of disparate factual data on the lives and work of hammersmiths and the identification of mechanisms of self-government among the artisan community. This study, using archival documents, identified the profile and career paths of more than twenty craftsmen. Working conditions, the structure of craftsmen's teams, the payment system, and disciplinary control were analyzed. Labor dynasties that determined the continuity of craft traditions were identified, as well as elements of internal self-regulation within the professional community, expressed in the independent election of inspectors and elders. The average age of a craftsman was determined to be approximately 45 years, reflecting the maturity of the professional workforce and the stability of the production environment. The obtained results provide a more detailed description of the social structure of 18th-century factory society, demonstrating the relationship between administrative control and internal corporate ethics. The findings complement existing understanding of social stratification and work culture in the 18th-century Ural mining industry. The study's findings allow us to consider hammersmiths as a key element of the industrial and social organization of the Ural mining industry, and the "new biographical history" method as an effective tool for studying the microhistorical aspects of Russia's industrial development.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):78-87
78-87
Two concepts of the historical memory of Russia: P. Ya. Chaadaev and A. S. Pushkin
摘要
The subject of the study is the process of conceptualization of historical memory as a phenomenon of nation consciousness in Russia in the first third of the XIX century. The purpose of this article is to identify the specific features of two individual concepts of historical memory of Russia: P.Ya Chaadaev and A.S. Pushkin. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to analyze one of the main historical and philosophical texts of the second quarter of the XIX century – the first "Philosophical Letter" by P.Ya Chaadaev, in order to identify the elements of historical memory contained in this text as an alternative concept in relation to the model that underlay the historical policy of the Russian Empire of the XVIII century and the first quarter of the XIX century. An additional task is to identify the elements of the construction of historical memory proposed by A.S. Pushkin as the first reaction to Chaadaev's text. The basic method used in solving these problems is semantic analysis, which allows us to identify both the substantive side and the symbolic meaning of those semantic units that were used by Chaadaev and Pushkin when presenting their views on the history of Russia. As a conclusion, it should be pointed out that for Chaadaev, the historical process is the self-disclosure of the people, that is, first of all, the identification of their potencies and opportunities for self–realization, and then, in fact, the movement towards progress, towards gaining more and more freedom. The role of historical memory, in this understanding, is to select and consolidate such elements of historical construction (events, dates, places and heroes) that can become milestones in this development and symbols of the historical movement. The lack of historical memory in Russia, according to Chaadaev, leads to the need for a conscious historical path. For Pushkin, the historical process is a drama, also an action, but an action that does not aim to reveal the inner possibilities of a person or a people. Pushkin sees greatness in history: deeds, feelings, thoughts, sufferings and struggles. To select and consolidate in the consciousness of the people the forms of historical greatness is the task of historical memory in its individual concept.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):88-99
88-99
The role of transportation in the daily life of residents of the suburbs of Petrograd/Leningrad in the 1920s and 1930s
摘要
At present, the topic of suburbanization is an integral part of discussions about the development potential of large cities. St. Petersburg, surrounded by a significant number of suburbs, each with its unique historical fate, is no exception in this regard. A comprehensive assessment of the issue requires attention to their past, particularly through an analysis of the daily lives of residents. Specifically, this includes aspects such as transportation infrastructure, the influence of which on the configuration of practices among the population of the suburbs of Petrograd / Leningrad in the 1920s and 1930s is the focus of this study. The originality of the findings is largely ensured by the use of a wide range of sources, including unpublished materials on the work of city councils and party organizations in the suburbs, periodicals, ego-documents, city council reports, and voters' mandates. The research extensively employed historical-anthropological methods, which allowed for the reconstruction of the worldview of suburban residents through an examination of their routine activities and daily lives. The methodological framework is also related to the socio-philosophical theory of practices, which posits that they constitute and reproduce identities or "reveal" fundamental ways of social existence. As a result, it was established that the modernization of suburban transport significantly increased the radius of mobility, and transportation accessibility had a crucial impact on the quality of life and the willingness to settle outside the city. For the suburban population, transportation was vital—for commuting to work, shopping for groceries and other goods, and addressing matters in urban bureaucratic institutions, among other reasons. However, numerous problems persisted throughout the period: a limited number of trains and poor travel conditions, inconvenient schedules, crime on public transport and in station areas, high ticket prices, and more. The development of pendulum migration heightened the significance and urgency of these transportation difficulties. Notably, the efforts to resolve these issues were primarily associated with the active development of suburbs as recreational areas for Leningrad workers and city guests to satisfy their demands, rather than those of the local population.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):100-115
100-115
The engineering legacy of Ya. M. Gakkel: unknown pages of biography, new sources and interpretations
摘要
The subject of the research is the biography and scientific-engineering activities of Yakov Modestovich Gakkel, an outstanding Russian engineer, inventor, and educator. The authors examine such aspects of the topic as Gakkel's contribution to the development of aviation, locomotive building, and instrumentation, as well as his role in training a new generation of engineers at institutions such as Leningrad Electrotechnical University and Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers. Special attention is given to little-known and previously unstudied pages of his life, including his early years, the formation of professional interests, and the influence of personal circumstances on scientific decisions. The analysis focuses on unique archival documents, among which the personal handwritten diary of the scientist is published for the first time, along with his autobiographical materials and sources from the funds of the Central Museum of Railway Transport and the Russian State Historical Archive. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, including the analysis of manuscript and printed sources, archival documents, autobiographies, and memoirs, as well as the application of historical-biographical, source studies, and comparative-historical methods. The novelty of this research lies in the introduction of previously unknown materials into scientific circulation, including Gakkel's handwritten diary, which is stored in the Central Museum of Railway Transport and allows for the reconstruction of the engineer's personal views and scientific priorities. A significant contribution of the authors is the systematic consideration of Gakkel's biography not only through the prism of his contribution to aviation but also in the broader context of the development of locomotive building, instrumentation, and the pedagogical activities of the scientist. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the identification of the multifaceted nature of the scientist's engineering legacy, the significance of his innovative ideas for domestic science and technology, and the clarification of his role in forming scientific schools that contributed to the industrialization and modernization of transport in the 20th century.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):116-138
116-138
Organisation and composition of the Russian auxiliary corps of Lieutenant-General I.I. Hermann von Fersen in 1799.
摘要
The article is devoted to one of the least studied events of Russian military history – the Anglo-Russian expedition to Holland in 1799. This operation is a little-studied page of Russian military history. The domestic historiography has firmly established the opinion that the Russian auxiliary corps sent on this campaign under the command of Lieutenant-General I.I. Hermann von Fersen was formed randomly and had insufficiently trained and prepared units, which had a detrimental effect on the outcome of the operation, which ended with the humiliating surrender of the allied Anglo-Russian troops. At the same time, any extended analysis of the process of manning the corps to date in the domestic historical literature is unfortunately absent. In this regard, the author analysed archival documents in order to study the issue of the method of manning the corps and the quality of the troops that were part of it. At the same time, the way of the corps organisation was typical for the formation of large military formations in Russia at the end of the XVIII century and was determined primarily by the territorial proximity of the troops to the place of boarding the ships. In addition, the corps included such famous units as the grenadier regiments of Zherebtsov (Fanagoriysky) and Benkendorf (Tavrichesky), musketeer regiments of Sedmoratsky (Belozersky) and Ferzen (Tobolsk). The unit was commanded by experienced generals who had extensive military experience. The officer cadre of the regiments, as well as the lower ranks also mainly participated in several victorious campaigns. Concentration of the corps troops took place in difficult conditions of time shortage, but it was carried out competently, which eventually allowed to send the troops to the place of combat operations quite quickly.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(10):139-155
139-155