Interaction of b-cell receptors and antigens with different spatial arrangement

B-cell receptors can interact with antigen epitopes on various objects: macromolecules, microorganisms or on the surface of other cells, e.g., follicular dendritic cells. Accordingly, B cells, on the one hand, have the ability to evaluate the location of pathogen surface epitopes, and, on the other hand, they must adapt their receptor apparatus to different epitope locations and antigen-bearing surface properties. Indeed, B-cell receptors and antibodies better bind objects with regular and dense epitope arrangement characteristic of many pathogens. As a result, such epitope arrangement can be recognized as a pathogen-associated geometric pattern, but the conditions for such recognition depend on the isotype of membrane immunoglobulin and the degree of B cell maturity. Young B cells express membrane IgM, which is involved in B cell development and the selection of their repertoire. Receptors with IgM do not impose strict requirements on epitope location and can activate B cells even upon binding a monovalent antigen. Receptors with membrane IgD are expressed later and predominate on naive B cells before entering the immune response. These receptors are optimized for two-point antigen binding and strictly require this type of interaction to induce an activation signal. Before contact with antigen, B-cell receptors are grouped in discrete membrane zones — nanoclusters, due to close interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. Contact with the antigen leads to the detachment of receptors from the cytoskeleton, rise in their mobility and the combining nanoclusters into microclusters — large clusters enriched with signaling molecules. The most dynamic changes are observed upon contact with an antigen fixed on the membrane of adjacent cell. In this case, free actin moves to the periphery of the intercellular contact zone, where it forms the cytoskeleton of the processes carrying receptor clusters. The processes spread across the surface of the partner cell and then contract, moving the antigen-binding microclusters to the center of the contact zone. Finally, the microclusters combine into a central cluster of the immune synapse, the intensity of the activation signal drops, and the cell prepares for endocytosis of antigens grouped at the local site. Thus, the structure of B-cell receptors can contribute to the response of the B-lymphocyte to antigens with a characteristic spatial location, while the dynamic interaction between B-cell receptor apparatus and the cytoskeleton allows optimizing the binding of antigens presented on various carriers. Knowledge on spatial aspects of antigen recognition may be useful for the construction of vaccines based on virus-like particles or antigens on other artificial carriers.