Vitamin D signal cascade in macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of human tuberculosis; enabling multilayered mechanisms to evade from immune response along with reactivation of the process with subsequent pathogen dissemination. Modification of immune responses through imbalanced intracellular signaling pathways and reprogramming of differential gene expression is one of such mechanisms. Modification targets for M. tuberculosis are the genes which products are involved in lipid metabolism and apoptosis, a key to eliminate intracellular pathogens. here, we review the current scientific data related to this problem: the results of studies published in domestic and foreign literature from the years 2003 to 2022 were systematized and summarized; data on the role of a number of molecular mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism, autophagy and apoptosis in human TB-infection; discuss contemporary ideas about the importance of the VDR signaling cascade controlled by the vitamin D-axis counteracting M. tuberculosis infection, its course and outcome. In addition, there are provided the data on the main M. tuberculosis genetic lines common in Russia and Siberia and the elements of the pathogen-related genetic structure that are important in the context of the topic. The effects of interplay and interactions of intracellular molecular cascades (VDR, NF-kB, MAPK, NFAT5, AMPK, GR) are considered and analyzed, as well as their role in the differential expression of genes that ensure M. tuberculosis inactivation and elimination. Presenting the data confirming that one of the main strategies of mycobacterium immune evasion — counteraction to autophagy and apoptosis — is implemented through altered VDR signaling pathway, including the epigenetic mechanisms occurring in the pathogen. Based on results of the analysis and summarized literature data (60 articles retrieved from eLIBRARY, PubMed), it is demonstrated that during the thousand-year history of co-evolution with human, M. tuberculosis acquired unique features of genetic organization and mastered the pathways of immune evasion using non-genomic and genomic mechanisms. Available publications confirm that one of the main strategies for M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages is to modify a balance between intracellular signaling cascades controlling the differential expression of genes that provide a proper immune response to infection, followed by pathogen elimination.

About the authors

Marуa B. Lavriashina

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

DSc (Biology), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

Darya O. Imekina

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

Assistant of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

Boris A. Tkhorenko

Kemerovo State University

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

Postgraduate Student, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine

Russian Federation, Кеmerovo

Marina V. Ulyanova

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

PhD (Biology), Associate Professor Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

Alina V. Meyer

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

PhD (Biology), Associate Professor Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

Olga L. Tarasova

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Pathological Physiology

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

Anna S. Sizova

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

Student of the Dental Faculty

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

Ekaterina O. Bryukhacheva

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

Postgraduate Student, Department of Phthisiology

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

Tatyana V. Pyanzova

Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation

Email: lmb2001@mail.ru

DSc (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Phthisiology

Russian Federation, Kemerovo

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

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2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».