Lassa fever. Part 1. Etiology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations

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Abstract

Lassa fever is a natural focal disease dangerous for humans. In the larger part of sub-Saharan West Africa 37.7 million people in 14 countries live in areas where living conditions are suitable for zoonotic transmission of the virus from secretions of infected rodents of the species Mastomys natalensis. Routes of transmission can be via alimentary, airborne dust or airborne droplet pathways in case of accidental human contact with secretions of infected rodents. Mastomys natalensis penetrates into residence and place of storage of food and drinking water. In addition, the residents use such animals for food, so infection is also possible upon butchering carcasses. The etiological agent of this disease is the Lassa virus being one of the members of the Arenaviridae family. Unlike other arenavirus infections (e.g., Argentine and Bolivian fevers caused by Junin viruses and Machupo, respectively), human infection with Lassa virus can also occur from person to person. Cases of nosocomial infection among patients in conditions of poor hygiene and through contaminated medical equipment are described. Medical workers become infected during surgical operations or through contact with patients, because the pathogen can be transmitted via blood, saliva, vomiting, stool or urine. In endemic territories, Lassa fever is associated with significant morbidity, because 500 thousand clinical cases and due to 5 to 10 thousand fatal outcomes of this disease are registered annually (i.e. 1–2% mortality). The likelihood that this disease will become a more widespread threat worldwide may be associated with increased globalization as well as climate change leading to the expansion of the Lassa fever endemic zone into regions suitable for the settlement of M. natalensis and other rodent species capable of lifelong pathogen carriage. Among hospitalized persons with severe hemorrhagic symptoms, the mortality rate can be very high — ranging from 14 to 89.5%. But in the majority of cases, the disease proceeds asymptomatically, and due to its long-term incubation period all ill subjects may be a source of infection, especially travelling at long distance by plane or train. Clinically evident disease occurs in the form of various nonspecific symptoms — from malaise, fever, sore throat and chest, cough, myalgia and gastrointestinal disorders to signs of central nervous system disorders. The diagnosis of Lassa fever is often difficult due to the similarity of its course with other viral diseases common in Africa or malaria or typhoid fever. More specific symptoms for Lassa fever are revealed as conjunctivitis, hepatitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis as well as developing oropharyngeal ulcers. Severe disease is complicated by abnormal bleeding, generalized edema, respiratory failure, hypotension, proteinuria, transaminitis, encephalopathy. Deafness develops in about 20% of cases. Multiple organ failure and open bleeding lead to death. The review is devoted to analyzing publications on the etiology, epidemiology and clinical picture of Lassa fever due to a threat of its importation with sick subjects to the territory of the Russian Federation.

About the authors

Elena I. Kazachinskaia

Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Science and higher Education Russian Federation; State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)

Author for correspondence.
Email: lena.kazachinskaia@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1856-6147
SPIN-code: 2874-5102

PhD, MD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Department of Experimental Modeling of Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases; Leading Researcher, Department of Bioengineering

Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region

V. S. Aripov

State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)

Email: aripov_vs@vector.nsc.ru

PhD Candidate, Junior Researcher, Department of Bioengineering

Russian Federation, Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region

A. V. Ivanova

State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)

Email: Ivanova_av@vector.nsc.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Department of Bioengineering

Russian Federation, Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region

A. M. Shestopalov

Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Science and higher Education Russian Federation

Email: shestopalov2@mail.ru

PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Head of the Department of Experimental Modeling of Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases

Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

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