Том 9, № 1 (2019)

The chemical properties of the compounds involved in metabolic processes, even the core ones, such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, are not confined to the properties utilized in enzymatic reactions; they include the ability to spontaneously form covalent bonds with other compounds, including macromolecule components. The effects of the gene that codes for an enzyme catalyzing the formation of a metabolite with such properties may be regarded as antagonistically pleiotropic. The effects implemented via the product of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme coded for by the gene are required to maintain viability. As for the effects mediated by the spontaneous formation of covalent bonds between this product and slowly renewable macromolecules, they are increasingly deleterious with time, which is provided by the positive effects. Thus, the antagonistically pleiotropic effects are not late-acting, as it is commonly believed, but are cumulative. Since these effects are inseparable from the metabolism, they may be labeled “parametabolic.” The driving force produced by these effects is sufficient for aging to take place in any system that exists due to metabolic processes therein, whereas its genetic information is stored and some other functions, e.g. bearing, are performed by macromolecular components, which feature a much slower turnover than that of the metabolites. Thus, we age because of the chemical properties of our constituents, and we do so as determined by these properties implemented under the conditions in our bodies. Aging is neither a direct product of evolution via natural selection (such as a program determining lifespan) nor a byproduct (delayed payment for current advantages). Aging results from the limitations imposed by the immanent physicochemical properties of metabolites on the capabilities and outcomes of the evolution by natural selection; this is what distinguishes aging from the tear and wear of inanimate objects.

Population aging is a global social phenomenon that affects the most important health indicators of the population. The older generation is particularly vulnerable in the current conditions of urbanization and the associated environmental situation. The comprehension of indicators of disability and morbidity of the population, the study of the factors that determine the negative processes of health damage, with an accounting for the regional features of these processes, are necessary for the planning of preventive measures. Elderly disabled people make up 53.3% of the age structure of the primary disability of the adult population in the Voronezh oblast. There are far fewer middle-aged and young people with disabilities; they comprise 30.1 and 16.6%, respectively. These indicators are higher than the average for Russia. The results of noncarcinogenic risk and primary morbidity analysis in the population of Levoberezhny district of Voronezh under permanent anthropo-technogenic load are presented. It has been established that noncarcinogenic risk coefficients were higher than the acceptable level (HQ > 1) for nitrogen dioxide, acrylonitrile, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, copper oxide, and chromium⁺⁶. An unacceptable level of noncarcinogenic risk (HI > 1) is typical for the pathologies of respiratory organs (HI = 285.06), the cardiovascular system (HI = 125.72), and the endocrine system (HI = 25.58). Analysis of the primary morbidity of these nosological forms shows a high distribution in the adult population morbidity. Under rehabilitation measures in patients with diseases of the respiratory organs, circulatory system, and endocrine system, it is necessary to consider the anthropo-technogenic load and relationship between agents and disease development.

The article analyzes the dynamics of indicators of primary, repeated, and general disability due to malignant new growths in the elderly in the city of Moscow during 2005–2014 and determines the main medico-social characteristics of this contingent in comparison with indicators for the Central Federal District and Russian Federation.

Many lawyers, referring to the topic of guarantees for ensuring the labor rights of elderly people who receive a pension, begin their analysis from the provisions of Article 19 of the Russian Constitution on the prohibition of discrimination and Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation on the prohibition of discrimination. The ILO Convention no. 111 on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation [8] also does not mention age as a discriminatory motive. At the same time, among the listed elements of Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, there is no direct indication of age. Therefore, the issue of employment and workplace retention for an elderly employee, payments due to dismissal, including those in connection with liquidation of the organization or staff reduction, is related in one way or another to an understanding of the essence of the labor rights of such persons by the bodies that protect justice and the labor rights of workers. Controversial aspects often have fundamentally different approaches to application, thus requiring careful and cautious treatment without generalizations and formalism. Based on an analysis of judicial practice, ILO recommendations, WHO reports, and other materials, we reveal common and distinctive features of guarantees of the labor rights of elderly people and old-age pensioners and the quality of life in Russia and European countries.

The goal of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of mast cell identification by different histochemical and immunohistochemical methods and to determine the features of their localization in the human pineal gland. Mast cells were found to be an essential component of the human pineal gland at any age. According to our data, the number of mast cells in the pineal gland increased with age. Mast cells were mostly located in the pineal stroma and did not tend to associate with concrements, cysts, or melanin accumulations. Mast cells in the pineal gland were predominantly non-degranulating, which indicated their inactive state. The detectability of mast cells in the pineal gland depended significantly on the used staining technique. The largest number of mast cells was revealed by tryptase immunohistochemical assay, which should be used to accurately determine the population of mast cells of the pineal gland.

More than a quarter of the elderly and senile age population suffers from kidney pathology. For this reason, a prophylaxis of kidney diseases with safe and effective nephroprotectors is a priority of gerontology. This work studies the influence of the polypeptide kidney complex (PKC) and peptides AED, EDL, and AEDG, on the functional state of kidneys in old rats. The administration of the PKC and peptides AED and EDL increased diuresis by 1.2–1.4 times. The PKC and peptide AED reduced the urine protein level and protein excretion by 1.5–2.8 times. The PKC and peptides AED and EDL increased distal sodium transport by 1.2–1.3 times. The peptides AED and EDL increased sodium excretion by 1.3 and 1.6 times respectively. The renal effects of the peptide AEDG resulted in a 21% reduction of glomerular filtration rate, a 3.1-fold decrease in the urine protein level, and a 2.5-fold decrease in protein excretion. The peptide AEDG reduced absolute sodium reabsorption by 1.3 times and increased distal sodium transport by 1.4 times. The realization of glomerular–tubular and tubular–tubular balances is verified by the correlation between the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and absolute, proximal, and distal sodium reabsorption. In kidney tissue, stimulation of the antioxidant enzyme activity on the background of inhibition of the intensity peroxidation processes was observed, which, together with morphological data, reflects the absence of nephrotoxic effects. PKC and peptides AED, EDL, and AEDG may be considered nephroprotective agents in kidney aging.

Age-related erectile dysfunction (ED) can form during ontogenesis in accordance with various mechanisms of the pathogenesis of aging in conjunction with a particular cluster of diseases. The goal of this work is to study the ontogenetic features of ED patients in late ontogeny who vary by types of aging. The study comprised 65 men over 45 years old with an explicit form of ED. The first group consisted of patients with general somatic diseases (GSDs) following the accumulative model of aging, and the second group included patients with age-associated diseases (AADs) that arose primarily from the ontogenetic model of aging. Both types of age-related ED are closely connected with ontogenetic events, especially with the onset of obesity and the loss of morning erections (which precede the onset of ED), on average over a decade of life. ED with AADs is the most clinically and pathogenetically compromised. Thus, it is characterized by an earlier age of ED onset, a dysmetabolic pattern, a low geroprotective pattern, a poor quality of primary health, pronounced instability of the gonadostat, a weak sexual constitution, decreased sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary complex to feedback signals, and a large proliferative pattern. ED associated with GSDs had a later age of ED onset, developed much later from the onset of obesity, and had a lower level of testicular volume with a more conserved incretory function but a higher index of IPSS. Therefore, the separation of two ED variants associated with different types of aging in conjunction with the use of ontogenetic analysis allowed the identification of significant differences in clinical and pathogenic forms, which is important for the development of ideas on the diagnosis and treatment of age-related ED.

This paper presents the results of a complex study of the therapeutic exercise impact on physical fitness indicators in elderly women with structural, metabolic, and functional changes. The study involved 12 women aged 61–66 years. All participants underwent physical examination, risk factor assessment, electrocardiography, and duplex scanning of extracranial vessels; the fasting glycemic level dynamics and PPG, as well as the fat indices, hemodynamics parameters, and functional test results were estimated. The results show that individual complexes of therapeutic exercises can significantly slow the paracmastic processes and enhance the quality of life.

The phenomenon of population aging has been observed in many countries in recent years due to the increase in human life expectancy. Therefore, studies of lymphoid tissue, which supports the immune processes in the human body, are now of particular importance. The lymphoid tissue of appendices from humans of age groups of 54–81 years and 26–35 years was histologically studied, and the results were statistically treated. The lymphoid tissue belonging to senile age groups showed reductions and rearrangements with partial integrity of the modified lymphoid nodules. The majority of nodules were without lighter-stained germinal centers, and the processes of blast transformation were preserved therein. Mitoses were observed in the central zones of nodules with lighter centers. Lymphocytes actively migrate to lymphatic capillaries. The condition of lymphoid tissue in the appendix depends on the individual body parameters. In some cases, the lymphoid tissue is completely reduced, and the organ’s lumen is closed.