No 1(75) (2024)
Agronomy, forestry and water management
Biometric Indices of Stem of Early Maturing Varieties of Long-Stalked Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) under Conditions of Leningrad Region
Abstract
Research on the topic under study was carried out on a small experimental field of the Department of Plant Science named after I.A. Stebut of Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University in 2021-2022. The objects of the field experiment were early maturing varieties of long-stalked flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Zaryanka, Peresvet and organomineral fertilizers. The two-factor experimental design included 18 options. The purpose of the research is to establish the effect of organomineral fertilizers on the biometric indicators of the stem of early maturing long-stalked flax varieties. The main objective of the research was to determine the effect of organomineral fertilizers on the biometric indicators of the stem of early maturing long-stalked flax varieties. Weather conditions during the years of the experiments were not the same. The hydrothermal coefficient in 2021 for varieties was 0.6 (Zaryanka) and 0.93 (Peresvet), which characterizes the growing season of the crop as arid. During the growing season of long-stalked flax in 2022, the HTC amounted to 1.26 and 1.25, respectively, for the varieties, which characterizes (according to Selyaninov) the growing season as normal moisture. When performing experimental work, the experiments were carried out according to the requirements of generally accepted methods of experimental work. The results of the research showed that on average for 2 years the highest indicator of total length of 59 (variety Zaryanka) and 70 cm (variety Peresvet) was distinguished by long-stalked flax on the background where mineral fertilisers in the dose N10P20K40 and organic fertilisers humates were applied together. When analysing the stem diameter, no significant differences were observed between varieties and fertilizer backgrounds, as this indicator varied in a small range and was 1.1 to 1.4 mm in the experiment variants. In the experiment, there was no dependence between diminution and studied agrotechnical methods, as this indicator was at the same level - from 0.5 to 0.8. The application of humates in the studied varieties of long-stalked flax contributed to an increase in the ratio of the technical length of the stem to its diameter. Thus, in the conditions of the Leningrad Region the best technical data of the long-stalked flax had the variety Peresvet on the background of application of N10P20K40 and humates. The total stem length in this variant was 70 cm, technical stem length - 61 cm, diameter - 1.4 mm, diminution - 0.7 mm and the ratio of the technical length of the stem to its diameter - more than 440 units.
9-16
Effect of Raw Ground Dolomite on Sod-Podzolic Soil Acidity and Yield of Eastern Galega
Abstract
By now, it has been convincingly proven that liming acidic soils is a leading and traditional measure that, by eliminating excessive acidity, has a positive effect on soil properties and soil microflora. A bacterial one replaces pathogenic fungal microflora. The number of phosphate-mobilizing bacteria, nitrogen fixators, and cellulose-decomposing microorganisms is growing. At the end of the 20th century, scientists proposed to use coarse ground raw ameliorants to reduce the cost of liming acidic soils. They are much cheaper than dusty analogues, are not carried away by wind during application, have prolonged action and are less washed out. To evaluate the effectiveness of the new ameliorant dolomite raw ground coarse grinding, in 2012 at the Menkov branch of AFI was laid a long-term field experiment with eastern galega. Studies have shown that the agrochemical used in the experiment has a prolonged action and can be used for liming acidic soils. The application of raw ground coarse dolomite and multi-purpose compost increased the efficiency of eastern galega during 2015-2018. During all years of the experiment due to fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by nodule bacteria, the additional yield increase of eastern galega at the joint use of KMN with lime at a dose of 6.4 t/ha on its background ranged from 2.2-5.4 t/ha. At application of raw ground dolomite at a dose of 3.2 t/ha the value of additional yield increase of cultivated crop was within 0.8-4.3 t/ha (and only in the first years of eastern galega cultivation). This indicates that a single dose of meliorant did not provide an optimal reaction of the medium for the effective work of nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria.
17-26
Agroecological Assessment of Drainage-Waste Swamp Waters on Old-Arable Lowland Peat and Depleted Soils of the North-East of the European Part of Russia
Abstract
The main feature of peat and depleted soils that have been in culture for a long time is a high degree of physico-chemical and biological transformation of the organic matter of the peat deposit and the underlying strata. According to the content of many ash elements in wastewater, it is possible to judge with a high degree of probability the amount of losses of these elements from the soil solution and the soil adsorption complex as a whole. Information on the hydrochemical regime of drainage waters of each personal section of the drained peat deposit can serve as a reliable and operational tool for general control over the regime of use of organogenic soil in agricultural and forestry production. This paper presents the results of the ecological assessment of drainage-waste waters from the drained peat bog «Gadovskoe», used in agricultural and forest crops for more than 100 years, are presented. It has been established that the hydrochemical situation is most closely related to the hydrothermal regime, the nature and duration of stay of various peat mass objects in production. With an increase in the service life of peat and developed soils, the degree of mineralization of drains increases. The total amount than 90 years reaches 620 mg/l, the minimum content of most ash elements in the waters was noted at a site not used in production sphere (310 mg/l). On average, for all peat bog objects, their highest losses in drainage waters occur in the late autumn period, the minimum - in the spring. According to the combination of dominant ions, the drainage-waste waters of the peat bog belong to a calcium hydrocarbonate type of water.
27-35
Protection of Winter Wheat Against Pests
Abstract
Chemical control of pest populations is of great importance because of the possibility of its immediate use in the event of serious phytosanitary situations, as well as its high biological and economic efficiency. One advantage of the studied preparations is their low application rate, which is consistent with one of the important criteria for evaluating the level of environmental safety of pesticides. The research was conducted in the Salsky district of the Rostov Region in 2021-2022. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness and develop regulations for the use of modern combined pesticides: a herbicide containing 225 g/l tribenuron-methyl and 76 g/l thifensulfuron-methyl and an insecticide containing 112 g/l bifenthrin and 37 g/l sulfoxaflor. The following varieties of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used in the experiments: Svarog (2021), Yuka (2022). The growth stage of wheat plants at the time of treatment with pesticides - tillering or exit into the tube. Biological efficacy of an herbicide containing 225 g/l tribenuron-methyl and 76 g/l tifenesulfuron-methyl, oil dispersion (OD), as mixed with surfactant Bit 90, liquid (L), and in its pure form was at the level of effectiveness of the standard Caliber Gold, water-dispersible granules (WDG), both in a mixture with surfactant Trend 90, L, and in its pure form in the relevant regulations for use. Using the drug was safe for the protected crop. The study of the biological effectiveness of a combined insecticide containing 112 g/l of bifenthrin and 37 g/l of sulfoxaflor, suspension emulsion (SE) against a dangerous phytophage that harms Winter Wheat, Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema melanopus L.), was carried out according to the scheme: the studied drug at application rates of 0.2 l/ha, 0.3 l/ha, 0.4 l/ha, the stander drug Clonrin, emulsion concentrate (EC) at a rate of 0.2 l/ha and control without treatment. Phase of culture development at the time of treatment: exit into the tube. An assessment of the biological effectiveness of the insecticide under study showed that the drug reduced the number of hogweed larvae by up to 95.8%. The experimental drug at three application rates (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 l/ha) corresponded to the effectiveness of the standard Clonrin, EC at the application rate of 0.2 l/ha and even exceeded it.
36-47
Assessment of Biological Efficiency of Application of Defluorinated Phosphogypsum as Residual Fertilizer
Abstract
An important branch of natural fluorapatite processing is the production of extraction phosphoric acid (EPA). More than 95% of the EPC produced is used for the production of mineral phosphate fertilisers, including phosphogypsum. During the detoxification of phosphogypsum, fluorinated phosphogypsum (OF) is obtained, which can be used as a phosphorus fertilizer with a long aftereffect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological efficacy and toxicity of defluorinated phosphogypsum in the second year after application in spring oat (Avena sativa) cultivation. Scientific research was carried out by laying a vegetation experiment on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University". According to the results of the studies, the following conclusions were made: in the aftereffect of the variants with applied OP, the dynamics of linear growth of spring oats of the variety "Zalp" was approximately the same. At the same time, variants with OF were inferior to the variant with applied Azofoska both in terms of linear growth and productivity. Nevertheless, the results of the vegetation experiment showed that for variants "Fon + OF (0.10 g d.w./kg soil)" and "Fon + OF (0.15 g d.w./kg soil)", where d. w. - P2O5, yield increases compared to background (for grain at standard moisture content) in absolute terms (+ from 0.34 to 1.34 g/m2) and in relative gain (+ 4.4 to 17.5%), confirming the effectiveness of its application in farming. In variants with OF, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil was observed in direct dependence on the dose of fertiliser applied compared to the background (+ from 29.5 to 49.0 mg/100 g of soil), which is a very high content. This indicates a pronounced aftereffect. Thus, OF can be used as a multi component mineral fertiliser with obligatory additional study of the influence of strontium and heavy metals contained in it in the system "soil-plant".
48-57
Productivity and Grain Quality of Spring Wheat Variety Zlata When Inoculated with Biopreparations on Different Background of Mineral Nutrition
Abstract
The article deals with inoculation of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds of Zlata variety with bacterial preparations stimulating plant development on mineral background and in its absence. The previously tested microbiological preparation Flavobacterin (Flavobacterium sp., strain 30) and a new test preparation MF-1 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were used. The experiments were conducted in 5 kg growing vessels on well-cultivated sod-podzolic soil. As a result of the study it was found that seed inoculation without mineral background significantly increases plant height, dry weight and grain productivity from 11-16% relative to the control variant without inoculation. At the natural level of mineral background (in the absence of fertiliser application) rhizobacterial preparation Flavobacterin stimulated the increase of nitrogen content in grain by 41% and had no effect on the process of accumulation of phosphorus and potassium. At the same time, the tested biopreparation MF-1 significantly reduced the concentration of phosphorus in grain and did not stimulate the increase of other indicators relative to the control without pre-sowing inoculation. Thus, the use of microbiological preparations at the use of mineral background did not significantly affect the growth processes and grain productivity of wheat. At the same time, there is a significant increase in dry weight of wheat plants when inoculated with Flavobacterin biopreparation relative to background (No, 1Po,1Ko, 1). Inoculation of seed material with the introduction of mineral nutrition elements compared to the background in the absence of inoculation contributed to a significant increase in the content of only nitrogen in grain by 15% (Flavobacterin + NPK) and by 20% (MF-1 + NPK). However, inoculation in these experiment variants did not significantly change the content of phosphorus and potassium in grain.
58-66
Biological Effectiveness of Insecticides Based on Thiamethoxam and Chlorantraniliprole on Apple Tree
Abstract
Today, horticulture is one of the most actively developing and investment-attractive areas of agriculture, which annually demonstrates steady growth. Among the variety of fruit trees, apple is one of the most widespread crops in Russia and in the world. Due to the growing area of its cultivation, there is a growing need to carry out insecticide protection from major pests, otherwise they can not only reduce the quality of fruit and yield, but also lead to a complete loss of yield or even death of plants. The range of insecticides currently used to control pests on apple trees is quite wide, but their main part is represented by preparations belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphorus compounds and pyrethroids, which leads to the emergence of resistance. Based on this, the aim of our research was to study the biological efficacy of pesticides belonging to the classes neonicotinoids and anthranilamides. Treatments included application of insecticide Aktara, VDG during budding period to control apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum L.) and insecticide Voliam Flexi, SC to control green apple aphid (Aphis pomi Deg.). Spraying was carried out in two application rates. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the use of insecticides led to a decrease in the damage of buds by apple blossom weevil and the number of green apple aphids. The use of insecticide Actara, VDG reduced the number of buds damaged by apple blossom weevil by 92.5% (2021) and 86.8% (2022). Insecticide Voliam Flexi, SC at application rates of 0.4 and 0.5 L/ha provided a reduction in the number of phytophagous plants by 100% (2021) and 73.0% (2022).
67-76
Agrotechnical Methods of Growing Small-Scale Cabbage Species in Leningrad Region
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of agrotechnical methods of cultivation of valuable but little spread cabbage species in the Leningrad Region in the process of solving the problems of import substitution in agriculture, including vegetable growing. The increase in vegetable production is associated with the expansion of the range of vegetable crops, replacement of varieties with more productive ones, and improvement of cultivation techniques. Research work for a number of years was carried out in the experimental field of the Department of Horticulture and Ornamental Horticulture in the Centre of Agrotechnologies of SPbSAU with cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels and Peking cabbage. The article presents the characteristic of productivity of cauliflower varieties when grown in late summer culture, evaluates the methods of conveyor cultivation of broccoli when planted in the field in different terms of 30-day seedlings. To provide conveyor delivery of broccoli heads it is possible to use cultivation of seedlings of the early maturing variety Tonus with the age of 38, 34 and 32 days at sowing from 29.04 to 28.05 and planting in the field in 3 terms from 07.06 to 29.06. The article presents the results of research on the application of agronomic techniques that contribute to the increase in productivity and conveyor of Brussels sprouts. Cultivation of varieties with different precocity using seedlings with the age of 38, 34 and 32 days when planted at different dates with different schemes of placement allows to increase the yield and prolong the supply of vegetable products of Brussels sprouts. The presented materials are relevant, and the effectiveness of the studied agro-techniques of growing cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels and Peking cabbage, allows to provide conveyor delivery of vegetable products and has an important practical value. The researches on development of agrotechnical methods of cultivation of valuable low-distributed cabbage species conducted during a number of years have shown that in the conditions of the Leningrad Region it is possible to successfully grow and provide conveyor delivery of vegetable products of cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels and Peking cabbage.
77-86
Animal science and veterinary medicine
Ontogenesis Intensity and Milk Productivity of Holstein First-Calving Cows
Abstract
The article deals with the indicators of ontogenesis of dairy heifers at different age periods expressed in live weight, analyses the measurements of first-calf heifers and their milk productivity indicators. The research includes data on 1571 animals of Holstein breed in one of the outstanding modern farms - breeding plant 'Detskoselsky'. It is found that the live weight of heifers at different ages is quite equalized (coefficients of variability are at the level of 3,68-7,54%). The analysis of the main measurements of the first heifers shows that all animals are large enough, the variability of measurements is not high (2,87-3,85%). Breast girth was the least variable. Analyses of the relationship between live weight at different ages and milk yield in the first lactation showed that in general it is practically absent. Only a rather weak positive relationship (0,19) between live weight in the first lactation and milk yield was found. This indicates that more massive first heifers showed maximum milk yields, but this relationship was obviously curvilinear. The relationship between milk yield and measurements was more significant. Thus, the correlation coefficient of milk yield with oblique torso length was 0,25, and with torso girth 0,17. Accordingly, animals with a longer torso and slightly more massive animals showed maximum milk yields. Correlation coefficients between live weight at different ages (except live weight at birth) and age of first insemination were the most significant. Heifers inseminated earlier than others maintained high intensity of ontogenesis in all age periods. This makes it possible to select them for early maturity, starting from six months of age.
87-94
Dynamics of dairy indicators for the period 2013-2021 in the breeding population of Holstein cattle breeding farm
Abstract
The problem of formation of highly resistant, high-yielding stock is currently widely discussed. Control of the dynamics of dairy indicators within the framework of monitoring for several years allows on-farm improvement of breeding approaches and techniques. In order to study the level of realisation of the genetic potential of milk productivity of bulls-producers of different geographical and lineage origin and to identify leaders with the calculation of genomic forecast in the population of black-and-brown cattle, the population of first-calf heifers of Holstein breed with finished lactation, born in 2013-2021, numbering 5483 animals, three breeding lines R.Soering, V.B. Aidial and Montvik Chiftein, one of the breeding plants of the Leningrad Region was examined. The studied group of animals is represented by the daughters of 227 Holstein bulls. The level of genetic potential realisation was determined on the basis of genomic prediction of breeding value by milk yield, fat, protein. The Canadian bulls had a range of variability in the genomic forecast of over 430 kg, while the range of on-farm productivity of daughters was close to the genomic forecast and was 389 kg. The genomic prediction of US-born breeding bulls showed variability in milk yield of 80.3 kg. The genomic prediction of Gerald productivity was not significantly different from that of Alta Sustein (+308.7; +389 kg) with actual productivity of 12,933 kg and 13,613 kg, respectively. The genomic prediction for individual bulls was not confirmed by actual indicators and rotation or scrapping of outsider sires is necessary to maintain the trend of productivity growth.
95-104
Agroengineering and food technology
DETERMINATION OF SPRINKLER WETTING ZONE IN CIRCULAR SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
Abstract
Circular self-propelled sprinkler systems are highly efficient equipment for irrigating crops by sprinkling. As a rule, artificial rain in these installations is created by fine sprinkling with mechanical atomisation of water on a rotating sprinkler spreader. During the operation of the installation, the sprinkler must provide the specified characteristics, namely the radius of sprinkling and a high degree of uniformity, as well as the required parameters, including productivity. Considering that the irrigation diameter, uniformity and productivity of the installation largely depends on the parameters and mutual arrangement of sprinklers on the main pipeline of the sprinkler, their evaluation in terms of compliance with the specified values leads to the need for preliminary measurements for each single sprinkler. Nozzle diameter of the sprinkler nozzle, pressure, working height, inclination to the horizontal of the scatterer all affect the parameters of artificial rain. Synthesis of deterministic model of parameters and characteristics of aerosol jet of a single sprinkler requires preliminary knowledge of behaviour and interaction of all elements on the main pipeline of the sprinkler system, which is practically unrealizable taking into account their number and range of change of internal dimensions. The use of deterministic models based on the ballistic theory of motion of a single autonomous droplet requires preliminary specification of the number and size of droplets. In the case of a self-propelled type of sprinkler system, the model must allow for application dependent on the speed of the sprinkler and the interaction of the jet with the surging wind flow. An alternative approach to modelling the dynamics of aerosol jet atomisation by a nozzle is to consider this process in the context of the phenomena occurring in the water-drop-air system.
105-114
Study of Adhesive Joint Strength in the Crankshaft Joints of an Agricultural Tractor Restored by Adhesion of Steel Semi-Ring Linings
Abstract
To date, many methods have been developed to restore crankshafts, many of them involving the application of a layer of metal to the worn surface by weld deposition or spraying. The method of restoration of crankshaft necks of agricultural tractors by installation of welded half-rings deserves attention. Its main advantage is the minimum temperature deformation of the shaft. In this work the adhesive method of installation of semi-ring linings is tested, the relevance of which is due to the complete elimination of the temperature effect on the restored part. The purpose of this work is to study the strength characteristics of the adhesive joint 'crankshaft neck - steel semi-ring linings' under the action of tangential forces. The criterion for assessing the strength of the joint is the moment of rotation of the glued linings relative to the shaft neck. If we exclude the option of emergency scuffing, it is logical to assume that the maximum torque of resistance to crankshaft rotation occurs at cold engine start-up, i.e. at very low values of engine oil viscosity. In this work theoretical assumptions were confirmed by experimental studies, the methodology of which implied not only the determination of the torque of rotation of glued linings, but also the establishment of the influence on the strength of the glue joint of such factors as: roughness of the glued surfaces; deviation from the cylindricality of the inner surfaces of the linings; the impact of a chemically active environment; the impact of low temperatures. In order to make it possible to measure the torque of glued linings using a testing machine, prototypes were made to simulate the adhesive joint 'half-ring linings - shaft neck'. Both experimental and theoretical values of the torque of the glued linings are incommensurably higher than the maximum torque of resistance to crankshaft rotation under normal accident-free operating conditions. It has been revealed that deviations from the cylindricality of the glued surfaces have a significant effect on the strength of the glue joint.
115-126
Mathematical Model of Electromagnetic Processes at Switching on the Power Transformer of the Power Supply System of the Agro-Industrial Complex at Idle Run
Abstract
At present, the majority of agricultural electricity consumers are supplied from united power systems through networks that are also designed to supply electricity to industrial enterprises, cities, and electrified railway transport. An important element of rural power networks are power transformers of different voltage classes. Many transformer substations in rural power networks operate under difficult conditions and abnormal modes: overloads, operation in underloaded or unbalanced mode, and other emergency and near-emergency modes. To ensure the reliable operation of transformers when designing relay protection against overload currents, internal and external short circuits, and other faults of power transformers and supply lines, it is necessary to take into account the inrush currents when switching on the transformer at idle. The inrush currents at switching are caused by the nonlinearity of the magnetization curve of the ferromagnetic core of the transformer, linking its primary and secondary circuits. The mathematical model of electromagnetic processes in the transformer during its idle switching on includes differential equations of equilibrium of the primary electrical circuit. Transients in an electric circuit with a nonlinear ferromagnetic core are considered on the example of connecting a two-winding transformer in the no-load mode to a sinusoidal supply voltage. The transient mode of transformer connection is considered without taking into account losses in steel and taking these losses into account. The program for calculating the transient process when switching on the transformer at idle without taking into account losses and taking into account losses in steel is made using differential equations in matrix form and in Cauchy form. The methodology presented in the article allows for an accurate analysis of the transient process during transformer idle switching, to take into account the arising magnetizing current surges, their duration, and on the basis of this data to develop technical measures to reduce the negative consequences of these phenomena.
127-140
Application of the finite ratio method to energy analysis of irradiation process steps in optical electrotechnologies
Abstract
The most important problem in agro-industrial complex is the problem of energy saving. Increasing the energy efficiency of optical electro-technologies, which use optical radiation as a specific energy factor, seems to be a very science-intensive task. The Finite Ratio Method (FRM) was developed by Professor V.N. Karpov as a set of operations based on the analysis of energy consumption in static and dynamic processes. The method is an important tool for the analysis and optimisation of energy-technological processes, as well as for the development of energy-saving systems according to a single indicator of energy efficiency – the energy intensity of the process. The aim of the research is to adapt FRM for its use in irradiation plants with gas-discharge lamps. The methodology of FRM application for revealing the energy saving reserves provides 'marking' of the scheme, which consists in allocation of energy blocks corresponding to the stages of energy conversion. In the paper, two blocks are allocated for the circuit with a discharge lamp: ballast (conversion of total energy into active energy) and discharge lamp (conversion of active energy into light flux energy). Expressions for calculating the energy intensity of these blocks are presented. In the first series of experiments, the operation of the LB 40 type lamp with active, inductive and capacitive ballasts was investigated. In the second series of experiments the operation of the same lamp with inductive ballasts of ABI and UBI brands was investigated. Instantaneous values of current, voltage and luminous flux were determined using oscilloscope C1-82. The total power consumption of the circuit with the investigated ballast brands is 0.022 and 0.017 VA.Lm-1 respectively. The efficiency of replacing ABI ballast with UBI as an energy saving measure, according to FRM, is 26%. Thus, the possibility of using FRM to analyse electrical circuits with discharge lamps fed from ballasts of different brands is shown.
141-150
Simulation of Thermoelectric Generator Operation in ANSYS Workbench Software Complex
Abstract
Application of autonomous power supply systems in technological processes is one of the priority directions in innovative developments. Therefore, research in the field of alternative energy is devoted to promising ways of obtaining, transmitting and utilising energy. One of the promising directions in alternative energy among autonomous energy sources is the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy in special devices such as thermoelectric generator (TEG). The principle of operation of this device is based on the use of heat losses from thermal power equipment, including the utilisation of waste heat energy. To analyse the feasibility of thermoelectric modules (TEMs) of different designs, simulation mathematical modelling software packages can be applied. Therefore, the development of a mathematical model of a thermoelectric generator in the ANSYS Workbench software package will allow simulating the operation of a thermoelectric generator as an autonomous power supply source for low-current systems. At the first stage in the software complex ANSYS Workbench was created geometric model of TEM, in which parameters of technical characteristics of thermoelectric module of the manufacturer were entered, for uniform distribution of load in modelling was applied grid. Next, the visualisation model of the TGM-127-1.4-2.0 thermoelectric module was investigated when the temperature on the heated side of the TEG changed from 30 to 100 °C, the temperature of the TEG on the cooled side remained constant at -27 °C. The values of voltage, current and power were obtained, based on the values of which it is possible to provide power supply for low-current electrical equipment system. The simulation of the thermoelectric module TGM-127-1,4-2,0 in the software complex ANSYS Workbench, allowed to obtain experimental characteristics, which can be used in the future to compare the obtained data from the physical model TЕG.
151-159