Analysis of clinical risk factors for complications of periferal venous catheterization

Background. Peripheral venous catheterization (PVC) is one of the most frequently performed invasive procedures in hospital practice. It is widely used for administration of infusion solutions, medications, and blood products. Despite its relative simplicity and perceived safety, PVC is often accompanied by local complications that may worsen clinical outcomes and patient discomfort. Identification of clinical risk factors for complicated PVC remains an important task for improving the quality of vascular access and optimizing patient management strategies.

Aim. To identify statistically significant clinical predictors of complicated peripheral venous catheterization and to assess their impact on the development of catheter-related complications.

Materials and methods. The study included 167 cases of PVC performed in surgical and rehabilitation departments. Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed, including patient age, body mass index, history of previous PVC-related complications, vein visualization and palpation prior to puncture, catheter gauge, duration of catheter placement, and features of the catheterization technique. The frequency and structure of local complications were evaluated. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used with calculation of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.

Results. Complications were identified in 66.5% of cases. The most common were pain at the catheter insertion site (25.2%), phlebitis (15.3%), extravasation (12.6%), hematoma (10.2%), and catheter obstruction (8.4%). Significant risk factors for complicated PVC included a history of complications (OR=15.6), small vein diameter (OR=5.38), absence of vein visualization or palpation prior to puncture (OR=3.40), catheter dwell time exceeding 48 hours (OR=3.12), BMI>28 (OR=4.00), and age over 18 years (OR=3.53).

Conclusion. Several clinical parameters were identified as significant predictors of complications associated with PVC. Consideration of these factors enables early risk stratification, supports justified selection of vascular access techniques, and allows for individualized patient management. Implementation of a risk-based approach to PVC may contribute to reducing complication rates, improving procedural safety, and enhancing the overall quality of medical care.