Vol 18, No 7 (2025)

The purpose of the research. The article examines the process of formation and development of the Soviet state security agencies of Turkestan in 1917-1919. The author shows that during the period of the civil war and foreign military intervention, drastic changes in the domestic and foreign policy environment had a significant impact on the activities of state security agencies and determined their priorities. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that the transformations taking place in the structure of the state security agencies, the expansion of their powers, and the strengthening of punitive specifics were caused by objective political and social processes. In Turkestan, during the initial period of the establishment of Soviet power, it was not always possible to form a structure of state security agencies similar to the central regions of the country. Regional peculiarities and specific conditions had a significant impact on the legislative acts regulating the establishment and functioning of State security bodies of this autonomous republic.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role and legal status of the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor) among federal executive bodies in the system of state regulation of the "digital sovereignty" in Russia. Research Methodology: The study utilized general scientific methods - analysis, synthesis, and generalization - to detail Roskomnadzor's powers related to regulating the "digital sovereignty" in Russia. A comparative legal analysis was used to examine international practice. A formal legal approach was used in this study to examine current Russian legislation in this area. Conclusions: The study identified the key characteristics of the concept of "digital sovereignty" identified the government bodies involved in shaping Russia's digital sovereignty, analyzed the powers of these bodies, and defined the role of the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor) as one of the most important government bodies in the mechanism for creating digital sovereignty.

The article examines the emergence of China’s digital sovereignty as both a legal mechanism for controlling data and content and a tool of cultural policy. It shows how rules on jurisdictional priority and cross-border data transfers are coupled with value-oriented regulators - from the Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem to the Party’s programmatic Opinion on “online civilization.” Consequently, the state, platforms, and users jointly “co-govern” the digital environment, where the idioms of “positive energy” and “spiritual (online) civilization” set everyday behavioral standards. The paper argues that the Chinese model fuses public law, cybersecurity, and cultural heritage into a single normative architecture that reproduces traditional values in digital daily life while strengthening the competitiveness of the national digital ecosystem.

Digitalization is becoming increasingly important for many areas of public and national life. Law enforcement is no exception. Digital technologies enable many operational and service tasks to be performed at a qualitatively new level and in a short timeframe. This study focuses on the current practices of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in implementing various digital technologies, classified based on the functionality they perform. The practical significance of implementing information technologies in ensuring public safety is highlighted. Based on the conducted analysis, current trends in the application of digital technologies are highlighted, ranging from extensive experience in automating individual processes, including those related to identifying illegal acts, to an integrated approach to the use of artificial intelligence technology, which is identified as the most promising area of digitalization in the public safety sector. Therefore, the need for detailed technical development of relevant systems and timely legal regulation of their implementation is emphasized to eliminate the risks of human rights and freedoms violations.

The article discusses the legal regulation of the northern delivery at the stage of the formation of the regulatory framework. The norms in the federal law "On Northern Delivery" defining the regulation of northern delivery were investigated in detail. The main legal acts regulating the transportation of goods to hard-to-reach settlements of the country are highlighted separately. The list of transport and logistics infrastructure facilities that make up the supporting network of transport and logistics infrastructure facilities of the northern delivery is indicated. The special powers of the authorities of the three levels of government to ensure the northern delivery in hard-to-reach settlements of the country have been studied. The regions of the country in which the Northern Delivery program is being implemented are noted. It was proposed to amend the federal law "On Northern Delivery" in order to improve the legislation.

The quality of enforcement proceedings directly affects the reality of judicial protection: a court decision does not achieve its goal if enforcement is delayed or becomes unpredictable. Current regulation is largely concentrated in Federal Law No. 229, yet structural gaps remain: there is no unified logic of procedural stages, statutory time limits are largely declarative, and a number of key procedures (including amicable settlement and the choice of the place for enforcement actions) are regulated fragmentarily, which leads to divergent practice. The article substantiates an approach to codification of enforcement law through the consolidation of procedural stages as a framework, within which the objectives of each stage, the competence of the participants and verifiable time limits are fixed. A model of a preclusive time limit for compulsory enforcement and a mechanism of judicial control for extension in cases of objective impossibility to meet the set period are proposed. Separately, the issue of the place of enforcement actions is considered: the paper argues for shifting the focus from the 'convenience of the debtor' to the achievement of an enforcement result while preserving guarantees of the debtor’s rights. The conclusion is that codification can increase predictability and manageability of enforcement only if stages, time limits and accountability instruments are consolidated simultaneously.

The article examines the problems of legal regulation of the quality of law-making activity, the accuracy of definitions of pedagogical concepts contained in normative legal acts, identified logical and stylistic contradictions in the definitions of concepts and the reasons influencing them; measures to solve these problems are determined. The objective of the article is to substantiate the need to improve the quality of expert examinations of bills and the certainty of regulatory concepts. Research objectives: 1. To identify the reasons for the poor definition of regulatory concepts and the negative consequences of applying such concepts in practice; 2. To establish logical contradictions contained in such definitions using specific examples from the current legislation; 3. To determine measures to eliminate logical errors in the definition of pedagogical concepts; 4. To clarify the logical relationship between jurisprudence and pedagogy, philology, and other sciences; 5. To identify problematic aspects of conducting expert examinations of bills. The research methods are: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, etc. The conducted research revealed the reasons for the unsatisfactory quality of expert examinations of bills and formulations of regulatory concepts, the main conclusion was made about the need to involve teachers in the development of bills and other relevant specialists, depending on the objectives of legal regulation of a certain area of social relations, measures were proposed to solve existing problems of compliance with the principle of legal certainty.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the role and correlation in criminal proceedings of such concepts as justice, truth and conscience, as well as the possibility and validity of using the concept of conscience as a methodological basis for evaluating evidence. The analysis of the normative consolidation of the above concepts in various branches of law, their philosophical, moral, ethical and psychological understanding is carried out. Special attention is paid to the influence of conscience on the process of evaluating evidence and achieving a fair decision. Results. Taking into account the conducted research, measures are proposed to improve legislation: to introduce the concept of "truth" into the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation as the purpose of proof; to supplement the Code of Criminal Procedure with definitions of the concepts of "conscience" and "justice"; to introduce into federal laws and other regulatory legal acts regulating the activities of the subjects of the prosecution (prosecutors, investigators, interrogators), the requirement the need for the latter to be guided by conscience in carrying out their professional activities; to create a single standard of moral and ethical requirements for all participants in the process, endowed with authority, and to develop methodological recommendations for the application of this standard.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the place, as well as the importance of international legal sources in the system of Russian criminal law, considering the changes that have occurred in the state policy of the Russian Federation. The ways in which international law affects national criminal law are considered: the implementation and direct effect of international legal norms, the influence of the practice of international courts and tribunals, and international cooperation in combating crime. The debatable issues of the application of international legal provisions while regulating criminal law issues are analyzed, and the types of sources of international law are investigated. Conclusions are drawn about the possibility of including a few international legal sources, in particular, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, doctrine, as well as decisions of international courts, in the system of Russian criminal law. It has been established that these sources can be used at the national level in solving issues related to the criminal law sphere.

The International Decade of Indigenous Languages, launched in 2022 under the auspices of UNESCO, has predetermined a significant increase in both activities for the preservation and revitalisation of minority languages around the world, the improvement of national and international legislation regulating language relations, and an increase in the number of scientific studies in this field. Changes in language legislation both in the Russian Federation and in large multi-ethnic countries testify to significant shifts in global trends in language policy based on new scientific and statistical data. In this connection, comparative legal studies of the language relations of such countries, among which Canada acquires the greatest interest from the scientific point of view, are of particular relevance. Canada has more than sixty autochthonous languages, nine of which are recognised as official languages.

The basic legal provisions are enshrined in the federal Official Languages Act of 1988. In addition, Canada, like the Russian Federation, has a federal structure. The insufficient number of scientific studies, the lack of relevant scientific sources, the absence of Russian-language translations of the major sources of Canadian language law and policy, as well as radical transformations in political views and approaches to the development of language policy in Canada necessitates an increase in comparative legal research, which can provide valuable scientific material for the development of domestic language legislation and linguistic security in the context of the transformation of international politics.