No 7 (2024): Сельскохозяйственные науки

In the field conditions of 2015–2021, we evaluated and analysed quantitative growth and development characteristics of oat plants (Avena sativa L.) to modify the model of oat cultivar for conditions of aluminum acid sod-podzolic soils. The experiments were carried out in two soil backgrounds: neutral (pH 6.4, without mobile aluminum) and aluminum acid (pH 3.93–4.05 with a mobile aluminum content of about 13 mg/100 g of soil). There exist significant differences in reactions of the collection and breeding oat material to growing conditions by the development of yield structure elements, leaf surface size, and content of green (chlorophylls) and yellow (carotenoids) pigments in flag leaves. The samples of covered oats in aluminum acid soils with a lower (relatively to the control (Argamak cultivar)) level of flag leaf area depression were identified. They were the breeding samples И-4595 (48.6 %), И-4592 (51.0 %), 2h09 (62.5 %) and others. Under neutral soil conditions, the average pigment content in flag leaves of covered oats was 13.54; 8.23 and 3.49 mg/g dry weight for chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids, respectively. When soil conditions changed, these averages decreased to a level of 7.74; 3.86 and 2.81 mg/g dry weight. The chlorophyll a content depression in acid soil was least expressed in the following breeding samples as к-3752 (19.4 %), И-4815 (24.4 %). The sample И-4388 demonstrated a reverse effect – its pigment content increased by 6.9 %. The change in chlorophyll b content was relatively low for the breeding samples И-4592 (decrease by 28.9 %), И-4815 (by 33.9 %), and И-3752 (by 35.0 %). By the study results, we identified the genotypes of covered oats that exceeded the yield of standard cultivar by 10–15 % when grown in stress soil conditions. Based on the obtained data, we proposed a model of the covered oat cultivar for aluminum acid.

The present work provides scientific data on the sowing technology of Psathyróstachys júncea under the semi-cover of agricultural crops to create hayfields, pastures, and seed fields. The technology has been tested for many years in the production conditions of farms. The article considers the issues of increasing the productivity of forage lands in the conditions of the dry steppe of Kazakhstan. It has been experimentally proven that if sown for four years after sweet clover, the plants of Psathyróstachys júncea gain a relatively high yield on green mass volume compared to the same crop cultivated alone. Thus, by cultivating both crops together it is possible to increase the green mass yield in the first year and in the next years alike. If mixed with wheat-grass, the above crops do not show high results. Wheat-grass sown alone also does not produce high results like in its combination with sweet clover. The forage volumes differ by 30–50 % on average.

Thus, the perennial study results on the cultivation technology of Psathyróstachys júncea allowed the scientists of the Ural Agricultural Experimental Station and the Scientific and Production Centre of Cereal Farming named after A. I. Baraev to conclude that for the conditions of Western and Northern Kazakhstan the plant will give stable high yields only on row spacing of 60 cm. The seeding rate should not exceed 5 kg/ha. Otherwise not only the yield decreases but also the quality of seeds. By the three-year study results, the content of crude protein in the Faradiz variety exceeds that in the Shortandinskiy standard variety by 0.7–7.9 %, the content of digestible protein exceeds the standard by 0.9–9.5 %, the content of crude fiber is in the range of 24.16–25.72 %, fat – 2.72–2.90 %.

Concern for the environmental safety of the country requires introduction of modern environmentally friendly management methods. To conserve and restore the soil fertility, it is of great importance to enrich it with an additional amount of organic matter. In agriculture, it is used to fertilise the soil not only with waste products of raised cattle but also with plant organic matter. Planting siderates, which can enrich soils with plenty of useful nutrients, plays a significant role. Before planting such crops, it is important to know that not all of them can enrich the soil composition. For the agroclimatic conditions of the Kirov Region in general and for the years of 2022–2023 in particular, we accessed the possibility of using narrow-leaved lupine. This plant gave good results with the fresh green mass yield of over than 625.6 c/ha. This value significantly exceeded the popular varieties of other agricultural crops, e.g. the field pea varieties Accord, Flamingo, Oligarch, and Fedorovsky (by 28-76 %). By the air-dry green mass yield, narrow-leaved lupine exceeded Accord and Flamingo (by 28 and 40 %, respectively). The Flamingo variety became first in nitrogen collection (4.98 c/ha, or by 72 % more than the control) whereas the Accord variety – in ash collection (13.23 c/ha, or by 64 % more than the control). The varieties of narrow-leaved lupine as Accord, Flamingo, Oligarch, and Fedorovsky can be recommended for use as siderates for restoration (regeneration) of agricultural soils.

In recent years, attention has increasingly been paid to the search for new technologies that increase the productivity of agricultural plants. From this point of view, technologies for the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the radio wave range are of particular interest.

The studies were carried out in experimental plots of the Institute of Agrobiotechnologies, Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in accordance with standard methods. Before planting, potato tubers of different varieties were subjected to electromagnetic radiation by the TOR device in the 15/5 mode (15 minutes of action, 5 minutes of break, three times a day before planting) with an individual spectrum of action.

We observed an increase in the shooting rate of potato and a rise in yield after electromagnetic treatment. The introduction of increased doses of organic fertilisers significantly increased the yield and reduced the effect of pre-sowing electromagnetic irradiation but did not affect the increase in number of tubers per potato bush observed in the treated variants of the Pechorsky variety.

The article presents the study results of phenological observations of strawberry varieties and their correspondence with the climatic conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan. 15 strawberry varieties with different ripening periods were studied. The studies were carried out at the Kushnarenkovskiy Selection Centre of the Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture, Ufa Federal Research Centre RAS in the period of 2019–2023. Our observations were organized in accordance with the Program and Methodology for the Study of Fruit, Berry, and Nut Crops.

The influence of effective temperatures on the beginning dates of phenological phases was analyzed. The beginning of the growing season for all varieties was noted in the second decade of April. The sum of effective temperatures required for the beginning of flowering and ripening of strawberry varieties in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan was determined. By our observations, the flowering phase began averagely in the third ten days of May with an average daily air temperature of 12.4–16.2 ºС. The sum of effective temperatures for the beginning of the phenological phase “early flowering” was fixed 262–287 ºС for early varieties, 346–392 ºС for mean varieties, 358–387k ºС for late varieties, and 262–305 ºС on average. The ripening of berries began in the second ten days of July with 346.7–473.2 ºС for early varieties, 405.6–526.4 ºС for mid-ripening varieties, and 438–625 ºС for late-ripening varieties.

Quick rates for the flowering, ripening and interphase periods of strawberry development were noted in 2021; they started 10–15 days earlier than the perennial dates. The studied strawberry varieties, according to the dates of the flowering and fruiting phenophases, were divided into early-, middle- and late-ripening. The early group included the varieties Anastasia and Darenka; the middle group – Duet, Kokinskaya Zarya, Orlets, Pervoklassnitsa, Rosinka, Slavutich, Feierwerk, Festivalnaya Romashka; middle-late varieties – Solovushka, Sudarushka, Troitskaya, Urozhaynaya TsGL, Elsanta.

The article highlights the results of long-term (50 years) stationary studies on the influence of different-level mineral nutrition of perennial grass stand, which is located in a drained lowland depleted peatland, on the productivity of agrophytocenosis, accumulation of underground weight, soil fertility, and content of peat organic matter. The application of mineral fertiliser has been identified to improve the botanical composition of perennial grass stand, increase its productivity by 1.9–3.4, accumulation of underground weight by 1.7–3.0, root nitrogen fixation by 1.5-3.1, phosphorus by 2.5-5.7, potassium by 1.1-1.7 that improves the soil fertility of peat and accelerates the accumulation rate of peat organic matter.

Agriculture is an important sector of the economy. The economic security of Russia depends on the level of its development because agriculture provides food for the population and raw materials for the processing industry, influences the quality of life and welfare of the population, creates new jobs, which emphasises the multifunctionality of agriculture. Northern reindeer breeding represents an important agricultural branch, widespread in the Far North, including the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.

This article studies the theoretical aspects of the state support of agro-industrial complex industries. It analyses the dynamics of the reindeer population for the federal districts of Russia and for the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The author discusses the structure of the reindeer population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District in the context of categories of farms and highlight the main measures of state support of reindeer breeding. The main problems of the reindeer breeding industry at present are outlined with suggestions how to improve the state support for reindeer breeding in the district. Today, the reindeer herding industry in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District and other Arctic regions is experiencing bad times. Therefore, it is very important now to provide support for the industry, as the measures taken to date are not enough.

The article examines the results of testing beets of the Bordo 237 variety. The data obtained indicate a positive effect of electromagnetic radiation on the viability of seeds with low sowing data.

The article examines the influence of the protective-stimulating complexes on vegetative biomass yield and seed productivity of narrow-leaved lupine, the Ladny variety. We experimentally evaluated the results of treating the vegetating plants with solutions of the bioregulators Floravit®-3P and Ekofus at various concentrations. The highest increase in the aboveground biomass yield, including stems and leaves (18.93 g averagely per one plant in air-dry state – over 40.2 t/ha), was achieved using Ekofus at a concentration of 0.5 %, which is by 26 % higher than the control value. Application of Ekofus also increased the seed productivity by 33–45 % compared to the control. The biostimulant Floravit®-3P had an ambiguous effect on narrow-leaved lupine plants in the Vologda Region in 2023. Its application in a 0.01 % concentration during the vegetation period produced a 34 % decrease in green mass yield compared to the control. By the comprehensive analysis results, the bioregulator Ekofus is highly efficient in increasing both aboveground biomass and seed production of narrow-leaved lupine, confirming its suitability for use in agronomic practices.

The yield of plant residues in cereal-grass crop rotation in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El was studied in 2013–2018. After the use of clover-alfalfa-timothy mixture, crop-root residues and nutrients contained in them are ploughed in large amounts. At the same time, the application advantages of nitrogen fertilisers increase towards the end of rotation when annual grasses are cultivated.

The questions on ensuring the food security in terms of meeting the needs of the population in high-quality livestock products do not lose their relevance, since the livestock industry, unlike crop production, has been deprived of investment flows for many years. The unprofitability, the high labor and capital intensities of production in animal husbandry have caused a decline in the feed industry. In these conditions, the active use of modern technologies in feed production only can radically change the situation. By the study results, at present the gradual introduction of modern technologies in feed production improves the quality of the feed resources, reduces the rate of feed consumption per unit of production. Among modern feed production technologies, the role of genetics, breeding, and seed production of forage crops is particularly important.