Vol 25, No 2 (2025)
Economics
Market institutions transformation in modern Russian economy
Abstract
Introduction. The article discusses the problems of market institutions transformation in modern Russian economy. Transformation is understood primarily as the degradation of the economic institutions’market nature. There is a tendency towards their increasing nationalization and centralization. Theoretical analysis. The degradation of market institutions is expressed, first of all, in the transformation of the property institution, which is drifting towards increasing nationalization. In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards the nationalization of private companies, which occurs for various reasons, ranging from the return of defense and systemically important enterprises to state ownership and ending with the presence of a criminal trail and extremist activities. There is also an increase in government regulation of commodity and monetary circulation, institutions of payment and settlement and banking systems, and pricing. The burden of taxation is increasing, as well as fines. In addition, a card system for the distribution of food products for mass consumption is being introduced in some regions. Opinions are expressed on the need to introduce the Institute of economic planning. Results. A conclusion is drawn that, from the point of view of institutional theory, modern Russian economy increasingly resembles a system inherent not in a contractual, but in an exploitative model of the state. The main indicators of this system are high military and administrative costs, nationalization of private property, increased taxes and fines, and a decrease in real incomes of the population.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):104-115
104-115
Digital financial assets in modern financial market: Systematization of experience and trends in Russia
Abstract
Introduction. In the context of the financial sector’s rapid digitalization, the study of new asset classes, in particular digital financial assets (DFA), which demonstrate significant potential for transforming traditional financial markets, is becoming especially relevant. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the technological transformation of modern financial market and the development of digital financial assets, including an analysis of the regulatory framework, statistical data and practices of market participants, with special attention paid to a comparative analysis of various similar markets and their comparison with DFA. Theoretical analysis. The article presents a short overview of relevant scientific literature on the digital financial assets market development. The conceptual framework is disclosed, the concepts of digital financial assets and information system operators are defined. Empirical analysis. A comprehensive analysis of the digital financial assets market development in Russia for the period of 2022–2024 is carried out. The study demonstrates significant market growth: the volume of issues reached 500 billion rubles in 2024 with 864 placements, which significantly exceeds the figures for previous years. The institutional structure of the market, including 14 information system operators, and the technological base based on various blockchain solutions are analyzed. The specifics of the Russian DFA regulation model, the product structure of the financial market, where digital analogues of bonds dominate (98% of issues), as well as the features of asset tokenization are considered. Results. Key problems of market development have been identified, including the underdevelopment of the secondary market and fragmentation of liquidity. Based on the analysis, promising areas for the development of the digital financial assets market in Russia have been identified, including asset securitization and development of the digital certificates market. It is predicted that the volume of issues will reach 1 trillion rubles by 2025, subject to successful implementation of regulatory changes and development of the market infrastructure.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):116-126
116-126
Fixed capital reproduction as the basis for the technological potential of enterprises in modern economy
Abstract
Introduction. Reproduction of fixed capital is a key element determining the technological potential of enterprises in modern economy. The purpose of the work is to identify the place of fixed capital in the formation and increase of the technological potential of enterprises in modern economy. Theoretical analysis. The process of fixed capital reproduction includes the renewal and modernization of equipment, which allows enterprises to introduce new technologies and increase production efficiency. Reproduction of fixed capital is the basis for the formation and development of enterprises’ technological potential in modern economy. However, there is need to accelerate the pace of industrial enterprises’ fixed capital reproduction to increase the technological potential of the country and form a self-sufficient national economy. Empirical analysis. In the process of writing the work, a system analysis was used to identify the factors and interests of entities that contribute to an increase in the technological potential of industrial enterprises in the country. The use of the historical research method made it possible to determine the evolution of the understanding of the term “technological potential”. Analysis of statistics showed the current state of reproduction of fixed capital of industrial enterprises. Results. The analysis of the theory showed the importance of integrating environmental and social aspects into technological potential, which leads to the development of the sustainable technologies and innovations concept. The concept of open innovation emphasizes the importance of cooperation between various economic entities, such as industrial enterprises, scientific and educational institutions, government agencies and financial organizations, to achieve maximum technological potential. The growth of technological potential is impossible without coordinating the interests of all participants, as well as the presence of a system that promotes the development of each of them and an increase in national wealth as a whole. Government structures serve as the basis for the development of the country’s technological potential. Stimulation of this development occurs through the implementation of industrial and innovation policies. It was found that under the conditions of accelerated primary reproduction, outstripping the disposal of fixed capital, the technological potential of industrial enterprises in the country increases.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):127-136
127-136
Management
Economic opportunities for the implementation of the rotel concept in the practice of the regional tourism industry
Abstract
Introduction. The introduction provides a justifi cation for the use of rotels as hotels on wheels in the practice of tourism business. It is noted that traveling to remote destinations using motor vehicles can be comfortable, which is achieved through the implementation of the rotel concept. Theoretical analysis. The concept of “rotel” is absent in the norms of Russian law, which makes it diffi cult to defi ne the analyzed term unambiguously. Rotel can be applied both to cruise trains and rolling stock of land road transport. Despite the growing popularity of tourist trains, one should not underestimate the relevance of rotels moving along highways. Empirical analysis. An analysis of the economic possibilities of introducing the rotel concept into the practice of the Saratov region tourism industry has shown the limited fi nancial resources of Saratov tour operators for the implementation of the project. The market leaders demonstrate positive dynamics of net profi t, which can be used for the development of hotels on wheels, however, the most suitable facilities for the implementation of the rotel concept are the transport companies of the Saratov region. The paper analyzes the bus tours of a tour operator, one of the tourism industry leaders and draws conclusions about the likely demand for routes using rotels. An indirect evidence of this type of transport popularity is the growing demand for Saratov tourists to travel around Russia. The fi rst stage to the implementation of this concept may be options for tour routes in the home region. Results. The implementation of the rotel concept is an attractive direction for the development of the tourism industry from the point of view of the market. Such an idea can surprise tourists and get an emotional response from them. A promising option would be the cooperation of transport companies, in the future – owners of rotels, and tour operators chartering rotels in order to implement the formed tourist products.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):137-148
137-148
Directions of the industrial enterprise management system digitalization based on the artificial intelligence technologies introduction in the context of achieving its sustainable development goals
Abstract
Introduction. Today, sustainable development of our country’s industrial enterprises is one of the most important factors in ensuring its national security in the context of the current geopolitical and economic situation. To achieve the set goals of sustainable development, industrial enterprises use modern technologies and tools, among which the “digital” character prevails. Theoretical analysis. Researchers are currently considering improving the efficiency of production processes, solving problems of rational consumption of resources, “accelerating” the development and sale of new products, “tracking” and reducing the negative impact on the environment as priority areas for the digitalization of ESG transformation processes in domestic industrial enterprises, while issues in the field of management, which is one of the three components of sustainable development, are limited only to automating the collection and compilation of ESG reports. Еmpirical analysis. It has been revealed that along with high intensification of the Russian industrial enterprises’digitalization processes in the context of the 2030 Agenda implementation and the prevailing importance of artificial intelligence in them, technology does not find proper application in the “managerial” aspect, which limits its existing capabilities in this area. The reason for the current situation, along with insufficient resource and technical and technological support for enterprises, is the lack of practical experience in using technology, as well as the prevailing management bias and lack of necessary knowledge. Results. The development of classification features of artificial intelligence is proposed depending on the functions performed and the corresponding participation in the processes of development and implementation of management decisions, which will contribute to improving the efficiency of the industrial enterprises’ management system and “accelerating” their ESG transformation.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):149-163
149-163
Promising areas and megatrends in the development of logistics technologies in the future
Abstract
Introduction. The article considers the development trends of future logistics technologies and shows that in modern conditions, the construction of a reliable forecast for the development of the logistics and supply chain management sphere is possible only for a fairly short term, which reflects the time of the currently existing technologies’ active use, until they are completely replaced by other more effective technologies. For a longer term, only visionary forecasts are possible, which are based on the predictive intuition of their creators. Theoretical analysis. In the theoretical part, the authors analyze possible scenarios of the future and their impact on product transportation technologies and logistics, and also describe megatrends in the development of society that affect logistics. The described megatrends are the basis for creating ecosystems and platforms of various types. The authors have determined that the key trend is increasing the flexibility of the logistics process, improving its ability to adapt to changing external conditions and continuously improve. Empirical analysis. In the empirical part, the authors considered promising information technologies that will be actively used in the field of logistics and will provide support for the presented development scenarios. Their systematization allowed the authors to combine logistics development scenarios with megatrends and present the potential practical implementation of the logistics process based on them. Results. The described technologies and scenarios for their use are aimed at building effective cooperative relationships between participants in the logistics process. To achieve the stated goal of the study, the authors developed a conceptual model of the logistics process focused on the formation of effective cooperative relationships between entities of the logistics system through the widespread introduction of promising information technologies. Conclution. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed scenarios and technological solutions to optimize logistics processes in the context of digital transformation of economic systems.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):164-172
164-172
Lаw
Ensuring food security as a field of activity of executive authorities
Abstract
Introduction. Ensuring food security is an important task of any modern state. Meanwhile, this task is complex and, therefore, is being implemented in a number of directions. Based on this, a number of public authorities have separate powers in this area, among which federal executive authorities play a special role. In this regard, the issue of forming an administrative and legal mechanism for ensuring food security and determining its legal nature in this context is becoming relevant. Theoretical analysis. The conceptual provisions of legal acts on the activities of federal executive authorities in the field of food security have been analyzed, and the main directions of their activities in this area have been identified. Empirical analysis. Based on a systematic approach, the authors draw conclusions on the legal nature of the powers of federal executive authorities in the field of food security. Results. It has been revealed that food security in the context of the functioning of the administrative and legal mechanism for its ensuring can be considered as a national goal, a strategic task of an integrated nature; its implementation is directed by the relevant powers of federal executive authorities, which correlate with their main functions established by the specified regulatory legal acts.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):173-178
173-178
The Council of Sworn Attorneys at the Saratov Judicial Chamber: From the history of its creation and activity
Abstract
Introduction. The relevance of the topic under study is twofold: it is connected with the preservation of historical memory of the history of regional law corporations and importance of transferring and perceiving the professional experience and traditions of the prerevolutionary institute of sworn attorneys to the modern Russian legal profession. Theoretical analysis. The 1864 judicial reform established the sworn bar. In accordance with the Judicial Charters, the bodies of its corporate organization were the general meeting of sworn attorneys and the Council elected by them, which played a major role in the formation and development of self-government of the lawyer corporation, as well as in coordinating activities and disciplinary supervision of members of the estate. Empirical analysis. The characteristic features and activities of the Council of Sworn Attorneys at the Saratov Judicial Chamber, formed in accordance with the Imperial Decree of January 23, 1905, were identified. Results. The Council of Sworn Attorneys of the Saratov Judicial Chamber, in accordance with the law, carried out comprehensive activities: it recruited new members, provided disciplinary supervision, as well as participated in the social and political life of late imperial Russia. The lawyers of the Saratov Judicial Chamber made every eff ort to meet the growing need of residents of several provinces for qualified legal assistance, and always occupied a prominent and sometimes leading place in the social and political life not only of the Volga region and the Southern Urals, but also of the entire Russian Empire.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):179-185
179-185
Ensuring national security in the mechanism of organizing and holding elections in Russia
Abstract
Introduction. In the light of modern challenges and threats that Russia faces, ensuring the national security of the Russian state is a priority area of the country’s development. Elections are a strategic socio-political and legal institution that contributes to both the implementation of democratic mechanisms of the state and determination of its political course. The purpose of the research is to study the constitutional, legal and organizational mechanisms for holding elections in the Russian Federation and their transformation in the field of ensuring the rights of subjects of the electoral process, on the one hand, and national security, independence and inadmissibility of external interference, on the other hand. Theoretical analysis. The theoretical concept of “national security” indicates its interpretation through ensuring the security of an individual, the state and society. Therefore, its implementation involves a set of measures aimed at organizing the safe and independent functioning of institutions of society and the state and their interaction. The component of the state functioning under study requires a system forming approach. The developing public relations indicate the emergence of new aspects of national security that require regulatory control, including those in the process of organizing and holding elections, which are often considered as an instrument for destabilizing the state. Empirical analysis. The development of electoral legislation in the area of public relations under consideration has been transformed by means of normative legal regulation: requirements for candidates for elective positions, electoral associations, and their legal status; the procedure and subjects of the formation of electoral funds; the mechanism of information support of elections through the media and securing their legal status; subjects and the procedure for carrying out pre-election campaigning; subjects of public control over elections. Results. The author concludes by emphasizing the need to provide for liability for dissemination of false information about elections as a measure of constitutional liability at the level of the federal law “On the Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in Referendums of Citizens of the Russian Federation”, as well as to distinguish between violations that affect the outcome of the expression of the will of voters and those that do not.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):186-192
186-192
Prohibition of propaganda of non-procreation in the Russian Federation: Problems of normative legal regulation
Abstract
Introduction. The protection of the family, motherhood, and childhood is one of the priorities of the policy of the modern Russian state. This is directly indicated by the content of Article 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In other domestic legal acts, the legal mechanisms of this protection are consolidated. In a similar vein, today we should consider the prohibition of propaganda of non-procreation, established in paragraph 1 of art. 6.21 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation. This ban was established in order to overcome the difficult demographic situation that currently exists in the Russian Federation, as well as in the context of the need to implement a state policy to protect traditional family values in the Russian Federation. Theoretical analysis. The study of approaches regarding the content of the category of "refusal to procreate" in the above-mentioned norm reveals that this definition can be perceived in different ways: as adherence to the "childfree" or "child hate" belief system and as one’s own conscious choice of not wanting to have children (voluntary childlessness). In this regard, the question arises: the prohibition of propaganda of what views is being discussed in the context of the current version of paragraph 1 of Article 6.21 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation. Empirical analysis. The analysis of p. 1 of Article 6.21 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation demonstrates the lack of specific criteria for the promotion of non-procreation. In addition, there is no special regulatory legal act at the federal legislative level that would regulate this aspect. Results. Signs of propaganda against procreation, which is subject to prohibition in accordance with clause 1 of Article 6.21 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, have been proposed. Among other things, it has been proposed to establish a regulatory ban on propaganda aimed at inciting hatred against people having children or intending to become parents in the future.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):193-203
193-203
Foreign experience of the legal regulation of the implementation of public control in the field of subsoil and environmental protection in the process of oil and gas production
Abstract
Introduction. It is generally recognized that the development of oil and gas fields has an unequivocally positive impact on the development of the national economy of the state, ensures the growth of its well-being and competitiveness in the world. At the same time, oil and gas production activities also have negative consequences, which include environmental pollution, and sometimes lead to major environmental disasters that directly threaten the safety and health of the population. Compliance with environmental measures in complex technological processes requires detailed attention from government agencies, which, first of all, must ensure effective legal regulation and control in terms of compliance with fundamental environmental requirements on the part of industrial corporations. Theoretical analysis. The regulatory framework that has been developed at the international and domestic levels in the field of environmental protection substantively represents guidelines for oil and gas exploration and production for the development and application of occupational health, safety and environmental protection management systems. Empirical analysis. It has been revealed that internal control, which is carried out by companies independently on the basis of regulatory requirements of both national legal acts and international standards, plays an important role in environmental protection during any industrial production, including oil and gas production. Results. The analysis and assessment of foreign experience in legal regulation of public control in the field of subsoil and environmental protection during oil and gas production allowed us to come to a number of conclusions.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):204-211
204-211
Personalia
The concept of human rights in the scientific heritage of Boris Safarovich Ebzeev. On the 75th anniversary of the scientist
Abstract
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the famous Russian constitutional scholar, statesman and public figure, judge of the highest qualification class, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, Professor Boris Safarovich Ebzeev. The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of human rights, which has become one of the main areas of his scientific research. The article presents the main stages of the scientist’s research and professional activity, his system of views on the institution of constitutional rights and freedoms, and highlights his contribution to the development of modern Russian science of constitutional law. The authors analyze the main works (monographs, articles, speeches) by B. S. Ebzeev, the legal positions that he formulated and that were set out in the Dissenting Opinions of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the issues of constitutional rights and freedoms of man. The main ideas of the scientist are systematically presented, which may be significant for researchers, and important for the further development of domestic legal science, formation of the worldview of young researchers, preservation of scientific traditions and continuity, creation of new ideas and concepts.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(2):212-218
212-218