Том 24, № 4 (2024)
- Жылы: 2024
- Мақалалар: 19
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/1819-4907/issue/view/24487
Бүкіл шығарылым
Russian History
The activities of local gendarme bodies to ensure state and public security in the Privislinsky Territory of the Russian Empire (1870–1890s)
Аннотация
The article examines the activities of local gendarme bodies of the Privislinsky Territory of the Russian Empire in the 1870–1890s. Listed are some police and political measures subsequently adopted by the executive authorities in ensuring state and public security on the western outskirts of the empire. It is noted that the activities of the local gendarmerie became an integral part of the measures of the tsarist government to ensure state and public security, carried out in conjunction with other law enforcement structures of the empire. Examples of the participation of the gendarme corps in the fight against Polish revolutionaries and socialists, the dedication of its personnel are given. This study deepens the general information available in domestic historiography on this issue. Based on the work carried out, it was concluded that the gendarmerie of the region played an important role, both in the suppression and in the fight against the revolutionary movement in the region.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):426-431
426-431
Institutions of military captivity on Vladimir land in 1940–1949
Аннотация
The article analyzesthe activities ofthe Suzdal, Vladimir and Kirzhach prison camps ofthe Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internees (UPVI) – the Main Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internees (GUPVI) of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), special hospital No. 2989 and separate working battalions No. 340 and 413 of the Ministry of the Armed Forces (MVS) of the USSR, operating on Vladimir land in 1940–1949. The categories and national composition of prisoners of war are traced. The main attention is paid to the Vladimir industrial camp No. 190, through which more than 31 thousand former enemy soldiers passed. The main results of their work are shown for prisoners of war in the labor force balance of individual enterprises and organizations of the region. Information is provided on the quantitative and national composition of more than three thousand prisoners of war buried in 21 cemeteries of the region. The conclusion is made about the significant contribution of prisoners of war to the development of the economy of the Vladimir region in the period under review. This was how they paid, sometimes at the cost of their lives, for the aggressive policies of their Governments.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):432-441
432-441
The experience of organizing the practical training of students at universities in Donetsk during the “Khrushchev thaw”
Аннотация
Using the example of Donetsk (Stalino) universities (pedagogical, industrial and medical institutes), the article examines the system of organizing students’ industrial practice and the specifics of its implementation in 1953–1964. The changes that occur in this type of training of specialists of various profiles after the introduction of the Law “On strengthening the connection of schools with life and the further development of the national education system in the country”, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on December 24, 1958, are highlighted. Both the positive aspects of conducting industrial practice in various courses and the shortcomings that took place in are given.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):442-447
442-447
The national-territorial structure of the USSR: A “time bomb” or a “historical compromise”?
Аннотация
The article attempts to refute the widespread opinion in historiography that the form of organization of the USSR, consisting of ethnoterritorial formations of different status, was one of the main factors in the collapse of a single state. It is argued that the idea of federalization of Russia did not belong to the Bolsheviks, but to national parties and movements that demanded recognition of their right to national-territorial autonomy. The article substantiates the position that the national-territorial principle of the internal structure of the Soviet state contributed both to the preservation and strengthening of the national identity of Soviet ethnic groups and to the creation of a civil nation in the form of the Soviet people as a new historical community.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):448-458
448-458
World History and International Relations
Contexts for studying a medieval city, or On the benefits of “fruitless” discussions in the history of historical science
Аннотация
In the article, the author continues reflections on the fundamental importance and heuristic potential of the consistent study of materials of scientific discussions for historical-historiographic research. In the context of modern discussions of the problems of the theory of history and temporal aspects of historical consciousness, it is worth paying attention to the concept of the “complex present” by Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, who emphasizes the essential changes that have occurred in the perception of time in the 21st century, as a result of the departure from paradigm of progress, with a constantly shrinking short present characteristic of this model. On the contrary, according to Gumbrecht’s concept, shared by the author of the article in its main provisions, the new present of the 21st century is a time of hidden coexistence of many pasts. From this position the article, using the example of a long discussion of Soviet historians about a medieval city, discusses the role of seemingly endless and fruitless discussions in stimulating new research questions and that work in search of answers to them, which entails the attraction of new source material, reconfiguration of the subject field, constant reinterpretation and peculiar interference of the concepts formed at each previous stage, without which the development of historical science would be impossible.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):459-466
459-466
“Völuspá’ s divination” in Anglo-Scandinavian sculpture
Аннотация
The article is devoted to the study of eschatological scenes from the “Divination of Völuspá” in Anglo-Scandinavian stone sculpture. The main attention is focused on the stylistic analysis of compositional schemes and their background interpretation of how Scandinavian religious ideas transformed in the field of Danish law at the end of the 9th – the first half of the 10th century. The author concludes that the use of pagan scenes from Norse mythology implied Christian significance to express the complex theological problems associated with the theme of the Apocalypse
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):467-472
467-472
Intellectual landscape of Late Medieval London
Аннотация
The article examines various elements of the intellectual landscape of London in the XIV–XV centuries, which created and disseminated knowledge of different levels. It is shown that the city has favorable conditions for the realization by citizens of the need to teach literacy not only in Latin and French, but also in English. The social demand of wealthy merchants and artisan masters for secular, practice-oriented knowledge and skills has led to the emergence of new licensed grammar and singing schools, as well as an increasing number of informal schools. Successful merchants, the “fathers of the city”, took a direct part in their creation and maintenance, and in the financial support of teachers. The citizens were also interested in attracting highly educated men – theologians, preachers – from Oxford and Cambridge to London, who significantly complemented the intellectual landscape of the city. Londoners realized and at the same time nurtured their intellectual demands due to the presence of famous authors of the XIV–XV centuries in the city, as well as the presence of manuscripts and books in booksellers’ shops, in various libraries – not only in monasteries and parish churches, but also in “public libraries” and located in the homes of rich merchants.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):473-482
473-482
Publishing activity of the 16th-century Czech printer Oldřík Velenský from Mnichov
Аннотация
The article examines the publishing activities of the Czech typographer Oldřík Velensky from Mnichov, a humanist, a printer, a writer and a translator. The author analyses the genre repertoire of publications published by Oldřík Velenský from Mnichov, his translation work and humanistic studies.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):483-487
483-487
Features of budget voting by the English Parliament in the 17th – 19th centuries
Аннотация
In the article, through consideration of the main constitutional acts of Great Britain and the budget adoption procedure, an attempt is made to determine the main features of budget voting by the British Parliament starting from the period of the Stuart dynasty and ending with the adoption of the Act of Parliament of 1911. The author identifies the procedural features and the basic principles of interaction between the two chambers of Parliament and the King on financial issues.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):488-493
488-493
Freemasonry in pre-revolutionary France (1773–1789)
Аннотация
The article examines the events of the Masonic history of pre-revolutionary France. The author focuses on the formation of national structures of French Freemasonry. The participation of the ruling dynasty in the process of transformation of the “English” lodges into the structures of the Grand Orient of France is noted. The efforts of Masonic leaders on the eve of the French revolution are characterized.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):494-499
494-499
The pedagogical activity of the English writer Hannah More at the turn of the XVIIIth – XIXth centuries
Аннотация
The article examines the pedagogical activity of the English writer and teacher of the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries Hannah More. It is shown that she not only wrote about the need to provide girls with the opportunity to receive education, but also organized schools and women’s creative circles for them, popularized charitable activities among English women. The main attention is paid to the difficulties that H. More had to overcome in this field.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):500-505
500-505
Activities of Samuel Hoare in Russia 1916
Аннотация
The article examines the formation and activities of the British intelligence officer S. Hoare in Russia. His memories as a witness of the last days of the Russian Empire are very useful for researchers. Relations with representatives of the Russian liberal opposition allowed S. Hoare to gather important information about the Russian economy. The author concludes that Samuel Hoare significantly influenced Russia’s strengthening of the continental blockade.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):506-511
506-511
The U.S. “War on Terror” before 9/11: Framing the concept
Аннотация
The article examines the process of framing the concept of the “War on Terror” in the United States during the 1980–1990s and demonstrates the continuity of its key ideas and principles over two decades. The basic components of the concept, like the perception of the terrorism as a form of asymmetrical warfare, the declaration of the U.S. global mission to terminate the terrorist threat, the emphasis on use of military force for fighting against terrorism, the justification of a preemptive strike, were developed in the Ronald Reagan administration, adopted by George H. W. Bush and developed during the presidency of Bill Clinton. In 2001 George W. Bush had a ready set of tools to justify the “War on Terror” and to turn this concept into part of the US strategy of global dominance.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):512-519
512-519
Romanian vector in theforeign policy of the Republic of Moldova: The political dimension of thefoundations and dynamics of bilateral relations between Chisinau and Bucharest
Аннотация
The article examines the foundations of bilateral relations between Moldova and Romania since the collapse of the USSR. The author analyzes the phenomenon of Moldovan unionism and its influence on the foreign policy of Chisinau in the Romanian direction. Individual stages of Moldovan-Romanian relations are highlighted in the context of regular transformations of the internal political situation in Moldova.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):520-527
520-527
Regional History and Local Studies
Socio-economic practices of zemstvo self-government bodies: Organizing food assistance to the population of Saratov province (1866–1900)
Аннотация
The article is devoted to one of the least studied issues in the field of socio-economic practices of the zemstvo: attempts to resolve the food issue from the creation of the Saratov zemstvo to the adoption of the Temporary Rules on the Food Issue in 1900. The study analyzes the powers of the zemstvo in organizing the grain supply system; activities carried out by the bodies of zemstvo self-government in “peacetime” and during the period of crop failures (famines of 1879 and 1891). Using the example of the Saratov zemstvo, problems associated with the pros and cons of food assistance to the population, a contradictory assessment of the activities of the zemstvo and the government during the period of “great famine” of 1891. A significant place in the publication is devoted to the characteristics of the regulatory legal acts of 1900 and the reaction of zemstvo self-government bodies to the new food legislation.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):528-536
528-536
The causes and features of the manifestation of violent forms of the agrarian movement on the eve of the First Russian Revolution (based on the materials of the Saratov province)
Аннотация
The article examines the violent forms of the agrarian movement of late Imperial Russia as the most dangerous and destructive ways of peasant protest in socio-political, legal and economic terms. Using the example of the Saratov province, the author identifies the causes, motivations and delinquent methods of expressing various illegal excesses in the peasant environment. The main content of the study is the analysis of violent forms of the agrarian movement in Russia at the beginning of the XX century, as varieties of agrarian terror. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the specifics of the agrarian movement on the eve of the First Russian Revolution in the whole country, and in the Saratov province, in particular, were characterized by an escalation of extreme forms of violent actions of peasants against landowners.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):537-544
537-544
“Followers of Judaism”. Subbotnik sect of the Saratov province in the 19th-early 20th century: Problems of identification and perception
Аннотация
The article attempts to analyze the problem of identifying subbotniks through the prism of regional refraction, using the example of Saratov province as one of the sectarian centres of residence in the period under consideration. Subbotniks strove for the reception of Old Testament texts, religious traditions and ritual practices, under the influence of which the sectarians’ identity had been developing. The author also examined the origins of subbotniks in the region, their numbers, settlement areas and the building of contacts with normative Judaism supporters. Particular attention is paid to the Gers, a group within the subbotniks who identify themselves with Jews. The official authorities perceived the Judaizers as Jews, applying appropriate sanctions within the political discourse framework.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):545-552
545-552
The Red Guard as a tool for consolidating Bolshevik power in the German villages of the Volga region
Аннотация
The article shows the most important aspects of the life of the German villages of the Volga region in 1918 using specific facts and examples. An important tool for consolidating the power of the Bolsheviks on the ground were the Red Guard formations created by them, the main requirement for which was to protect the new government and ensure the implementation of its policy on the ground. Performing their functions, these detachments often used repressive methods of treating peasants up to their murder, especially when food and other property were seized from them.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):553-557
553-557
Using the resources of the Saratov region for the recruitment of the Army and Navy during the Great Patriotic War
Аннотация
The article presents a general picture of the involvement of human contingents from the Saratov region to recruit the Armed Forces of the USSR on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War. The article highlights in detail the conduct of three waves of the so-called general mobilization of the military in 1941, subsequent party-komsomol and other special mobilizations, as well as the regular conscription of recruits in 1942–1945. The role of the training of military-trained reserves through Vsevobuch, the people’s militia and defense organizations is shown. The author expresses his opinion on the total number of residents of the region sent to the army and navy during the period under study.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(4):558-568
558-568