Particulate matter in the ambient air as a risk factor of bronchial asthma in adults

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Abstract

AIM: to study the role of fine suspended particles in the atmospheric air in the formation of allergic, non-allergic and mixed phenotypes of bronchial asthma in adults.

METHODS: The analysis of atmospheric air pollution by fine particles in Kazan was carried out according to the database of social and hygienic monitoring of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan for 2014–2020. To study the relationship between the level of atmospheric air pollution with fine particles and bronchial asthma in adults (18–65 years old), a retrospective analysis of the incidence of bronchial asthma (ICD-10 codes J45.0, J45.1, J45.8) was carried out during the same period among the population of Kazan. The regional medical information system "Electronic Health of the Republic of Tatarstan" was used. Statistical modeling was carried out using the method of mixed models based on the Poisson distribution or the negative binomial distribution.

RESULTS: The average annual absolute risk of bronchial asthma in the adult population of Kazan was 0.51 per 100 people aged 18–65 years, an increase of 0.09 per 100 people (17.6%) per year (p=0.039). An increase in the annual maximum concentrations of PM2,5 by 10 µg increased the absolute risk of non-allergic bronchial asthma by 0.066 per 100 people aged 18–65 years (p=0.043). Similar dependences, but without statistical significance at the level of p <0.05, were found for such exposure parameters as the mass concentration of РМ10 and the mass of particles deposited in the tracheobronchial and alveolar sections of the lungs. For allergic and mixed asthma, no statistically significant relationships with mass concentrations and deposited doses of suspended particles were found.

CONCLUSION: Air pollution with fine suspended particles increases the risk of developing a non-allergic phenotype of adult bronchial asthma, which may be associated with specific pathogenetic mechanisms, including the reaction of the epithelium to the deposition of fine particles.

About the authors

Liliya M. Fatkhutdinova

Kazan State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: liliya.fatkhutdinova@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9506-563X
SPIN-code: 9605-8332
Scopus Author ID: 6603587324
ResearcherId: C-4294-2016
https://kazangmu.ru/department-of-hygiene/sotrudniki-kafedry

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor

Russian Federation, Kazan

Guzel A. Timerbulatova

Kazan State Medical University

Email: ragura@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2479-2474
SPIN-code: 2402-8878
Scopus Author ID: 57204550368
Russian Federation, Kazan

Shamil K. Zaripov

Kazan Federal University

Email: shamil.zaripov@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3348-7292
SPIN-code: 6648-2665
Scopus Author ID: 6603766709
Russian Federation, Kazan

Lyalya I. Yapparova

Kazan State Medical University

Email: yapparova.2015@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3558-8807
SPIN-code: 5386-9113

assistant lecturer

Russian Federation, Kazan

Anastasiya V. Ablyaeva

Kazan State Medical University

Email: ablyaeva.av@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5597-0694
SPIN-code: 3901-8348
Scopus Author ID: 57221916489
Russian Federation, Kazan

Anatolii A. Saveliev

Kazan Federal University

Email: Anatoly.Saveliev.aka.saa@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6270-7744
SPIN-code: 5507-7958
Scopus Author ID: 7005725840

MD, Cand. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics), Dr. Sci. (Biol), professor

Russian Federation, Kazan

Elena P. Sizova

Сenter of Нygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan)

Email: fguz.kanc@tatar.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8642-5194
Scopus Author ID: 57222576973
Russian Federation, Kazan

Ramil R. Zalyalov

Republican Medical Center for Information and Analysis

Email: ramilzal@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2062-0058
SPIN-code: 3150-5410
Scopus Author ID: 56556930700

associate professor

Russian Federation, Kazan

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2. Fig. 1. Absolute risk (AR) per 100 population aged 18–65 years of all cases of bronchial asthma (BA — а) and its phenotypes: b — J45.0. allergic BA, c — J45.1, non-allergic BA, d — J45.8, mixed BA) for the period from 2014 to 2020. The dots represent the AR estimates for the corresponding calendar year; the lines indicate the AR estimates predicted by the linear regression model and their 95% confidence intervals: a — bronchial asthma (all cases): β(year)=0,09; SE=0,03; R2=0,53; p=0,039; b — allergic BA: β(year)=0,03; SE=0,01; R2=0,35; p=0,093; с — non-allergic BA: β(year)=0,01; SE=0,004; R2=0,49; p=0,049; d — mixed BA: β(year)=0,04; SE=0,01; R2=0,55; p=0,035.

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3. Fig. 2. Average annual concentrations (C, µg/m3) at 15 monitoring points in the city of Kazan in the period from 2014 to 2020: a — of the total fraction of suspended particles (TSP); b — PM10 fraction; c — PM2,5 fraction; and the corresponding mass of suspended particles deposited in the lungs (mg): d — total mass of particles deposited in the lungs; e — mass of particles deposited in the tracheobronchial section of the lungs; f — mass of particles deposited in the alveolar section of the lungs. TB — tracheobronchial region, P — alveolar region. Boxplot.

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4. Fig. 3. Maximum annual concentrations (C, µg/m3) at 15 monitoring points in the city of Kazan in the period from 2014 to 2020: a — of the total fraction of suspended particles (TSP); b — PM10 fraction; c — PM2.5 fraction; and the corresponding mass of suspended particles deposited in the lungs (mg): d — total mass of particles deposited in the lungs; e — mass of particles deposited in the tracheobronchial section of the lungs; f — mass of particles deposited in the alveolar section of the lungs. TB — tracheobronchial region, P — alveolar region. Boxplot.

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