Features of the development of an adaptive antiviral immune response
- Authors: Moskalev A.V.1, Gumilevsky B.Y.1, Apchel A.V.2, Tsygan V.N.1
-
Affiliations:
- Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov
- North-Western Medical Training Center for Postgraduate Education
- Issue: Vol 24, No 4 (2022)
- Pages: 789-800
- Section: Review
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/1682-7392/article/view/134078
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/brmma109497
- ID: 134078
Cite item
Abstract
Both well-known basic cellular and humoral factors of the adaptive antiviral immune response, which play an important role in the effectiveness of immunological reactions to inhibit viral infections, and new factors with which the efficiency of the functioning of cellular and humoral mechanisms of a specific immune response is associated are considered. This is, first of all, the presence of “naive” T-lymphocytes in the macroorganism, programmed to recognize a specific viral antigen. In addition, this is facilitated by various receptor specificities of T-lymphocytes, of which there are more than 20 million. The diversity of receptor structures was believed to be associated with the functioning of genes that activate recombinase. The development of antiviral cell-mediated mechanisms depends on interleukins 12, interferon-γ, and the transcriptional activator T-bet. An imbalance in the ratio of T-helper cell types 1 and 2 can lead to memory cell damage. Th-17 plays a central role in controlling the immune response to viral infection. The balance between activated cytotoxic CD-8+/T-helper cells and T-regulatory lymphocytes determines the risk of immunopathology. An excess of effector cells leads to immune-mediated damage, a lack of chronicity of a viral infection. One of the controlling mechanisms that ensure minimal damage to cells and tissues is the assembly of a cytoplasmic protein complex in antigen-presenting cells–inflammasomes. The intensity of inflammatory processes depends on whether the virus is cytopathic. The effectiveness of the humoral immune response is also attributed to the fact that one plasma cell can secrete more than 2,000 antibody molecules per second. One of the powerful properties of the adaptive antiviral immune response is the development of immunological memory by different types of memory T cells. To date, at least three subpopulations of memory T cells with different activation requirements have been identified. Thus, determining how each of these types of memory T-lymphocytes contributes to the long-term antiviral protection of the macroorganism is an urgent task.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Alexander V. Moskalev
Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov
Author for correspondence.
Email: alexmav195223@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3403-3850
SPIN-code: 8227-2647
doctor of medical sciences, professor
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgBoris Yu. Gumilevsky
Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov
Email: alexmav195223@yandex.ru
SPIN-code: 3428-7704
Scopus Author ID: 6602391269
ResearcherId: J-1841-2017
doctor of medical sciences, professor
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgAndrey V. Apchel
North-Western Medical Training Center for Postgraduate Education
Email: alexmav195223@yandex.ru
SPIN-code: 2298-8459
doctor of medical sciences
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgVasiliy N. Tsygan
Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov
Email: vn-t@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1199-0911
SPIN-code: 7215-6206
doctor of medical sciences, professor
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgReferences
- Medzhitov R. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature. 2007;449:819–826. doi: 10.1038/nature06246
- Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol. 2011;30(1):16–34. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2010.529976
- Garcia-Sastre A. Ten strategies of interferon evasion by viruses. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;22(2):176–184. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.012
- Zipfel C. Plant pattern-recognition receptors. Trends Immunol. 2014;35(7):345–351. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.004
- Clark RA. Resident memory T cells in human health and disease. Sci Transl Med. 2015;269(7):269rv1. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010641
- Li G. Improvement of enzyme activity and soluble expression of an alkaline protease isolated from oil-polluted mud flat metagenome by random mutagenesis. Enzyme Microb Techno. 2017;(106):97–105. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.015
- Nash AA, Dalziel RG, Fitzgerald JR. Mims’ Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease, 6th ed. 2015. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 348 p.
- Griffin DE. The immune response in measles: virus control, clearance and protective immunity. Viruses. 2016;8(10):282–291. doi: 10.3390/v8100282
- Burrell C, Howard C, Murphy F. Fenner and White’s Medical Virology. 5th ed. 2016. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 454 p.
- Hornung V, Hartmann R, Ablasser A, et al. OAS proteins and cGAS: unifying concepts in sensing and responding to cytosolic nucleic acids. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(8):521–528. doi: 10.1038/nri3719
- Gay NJ, Gangloff M. Structure and function of Toll receptors and their ligands. Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:141–165. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.060305.151318
- Reizis B. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: development, regulation, and function. Immunity. 2019;50(1):37–50. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.027
- Behzadi P, García-Perdomo HA, Karpiński TM. Toll-like receptors: general molecular and structural biology. J Immunol Res. 2021;2021:9914854. doi: 10.1155/2021/9914854
- Cullen BR, Cherry S, Oever BR. Is RNA interference a physiologically relevant innate antiviral immune response in mammals? Cell Host Microbe. 2013;14(4):374–378. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.09.011
- Wacleche VS, Landay A, Routy JP, Ancuta P. The Th17 lineage: from barrier surfaces homeostasis to autoimmunity, cancer, and HIV-1 Pathogenesis. Viruses. 2017;9(10):303–312. doi: 10.3390/v9100303
- Kulcsar KA, Baxter VK, Greene IP, et al. Interleukin 10 modulation of pathogenic Th17 cells during fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(45):16053–16058. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418966111
- Katze MG, Korth MJ, Law GL, et al. Viral pathogenesis: from basics to systems biology. 2016. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 422 p.
- Grove J, Marsh M. The cell biology of receptor-mediated virus entry. J Cell Biol. 2011;195(7):1071–1082. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201108131
- van Gent M, Braem SG, de Jong A, et al. Epstein-Barr virus large tegument protein BPLF1 contributes to innate immune evasion through interference with toll-like receptor signaling. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(2):e1003960. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003960
- Thapa RJ, Ingram JP, Ragan KB, et al. DAI Senses Influenza A Virus Genomic RNA and Activates RIPK3-Dependent Cell Death. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;20(5):674–681. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.014
- Towers GJ. The control of viral infection by tripartite motif proteins and cyclophilin A. Retrovirology. 2007;4:40. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-40
- Mok YK, Swaminathan K, Zeeshan N. Engineering of serine protease for improved thermostability and catalytic activity using rational design. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;126:229–237. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.218
- Hadjidj R, Badis A, Mechri S, et al. Purification, biochemical, and molecular characterization of novel protease from Bacillus licheniformis strain K7A. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;114:1033–1048. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.167
- Silverman RH. Viral encounters with 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and RNase L during the interferon antiviral response. J Virol. 2007;81(23):12720–12729. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01471-07
- Trinchieri G, Sher A. Cooperation of Toll-like receptor signals in innate immune defence. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7(3):179–190. doi: 10.1038/nri2038
- Kaiser S.M., Malik H.S., Emerman M. Restriction of an extinct retrovirus by the human TRIM5alpha antiviral protein. Science. 2007. Vol. 316, No. 5832. P. 1756–1758. doi: 10.1126/science.1140579
- Lee HK, Lund JM, Ramanathan B, et al. Autophagy-dependent viral recognition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Science. 2007;315(5817):1398–1401. doi: 10.1126/science.1136880
- Latz E, Xiao TS, Stutz A. Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(6):397–411. doi: 10.1038/nri3452
- Maillard PV, van der Veen AG, Poirier EZ, et al. Slicing and dicing viruses: antiviral RNA interference in mammals. EMBO J. 2019;38(8):e100941. doi: 10.15252/embj.2018100941
- Ma Z, Damania B. The cGAS-STING defense pathway and its counteraction by viruses. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(2):150–158. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.010
- Diner BA, Lum KK, Javitt A, et al. Interactions of the antiviral factor IFI16 mediate immune signaling and herpes simplex virus-1 immunosupression. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015;14(9):2341–2356. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M114.047068
- Kahan SM, Wherry EJ, Zajac A. T cell exhaustion during persistent viral infections. Virology. 2015;479–480:180–193. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.033
- Ahmad L, Mostowy S, Sancho-Shimizu S. Autophagy-virus interplay: from cell biology to human disease. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2018;(6):155. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00155
- Diner BA, Lum KK, Javitt A, et al. Interactions of the Antiviral Factor Interferon Gamma-Inducible Protein 16. NIFI16 Mediate Immune Signaling and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Immunosuppression. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2015;14(9):2341–2356. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M114.047068
- Hemann EA, Green R, Turnbull JB, et al. Intrferon-λ modulates dendritic cells to facilitate T cell immunity ion with influenza A virus. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(8):1035–1045. doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0408-z
- Wu J, Sun L, Chen X, et al. Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA. Science. 2013;339(6121):826–830. doi: 10.1126/science.1229963
- Kudchodkar SB, Levine B. Viruses and autophagy. Rev Med Virol. 2009;19(6):359–378. doi: 10.1002/rmv.630
- Finlay BB, McFadden G. Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens. Cells. 2006;124(4):767–782. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.034
- Gitlin L, Barchet W, Gilfillan S, et al. Essential role of mda-5 in type I IFN responses to polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid and encephalomyocarditis picornavirus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(22):8459–8464. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0603082103
- Chahal JS, Qi J, Flint SJ. The human adenovirus type 5 E1B 55 kDa protein obstructs inhibition of viral replication by type I interferon in normal human cells. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(8):e1002853. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002853
- Sun L, Wu J, Du F, et al. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway. Science. 2013;339(6121):786–791. doi: 10.1126/science.1232458
- Takata MA, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Zang TM, et al. CG dinucleotide suppression enables antiviral defence targeting non-self RNA. Nature. 2017;550(7674):124–127. doi: 10.1038/nature2403
- Hadjidj R, Badis A, Mechri S, et al. Purification, biochemical, and molecular characterization of novel protease from Bacillus licheniformis strain K7A. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;114:1033–1048. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.167
- Chang JT, Wherry EJ, Goldrath AW. Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(12):1104–1115. doi: 10.1038/ni.3031
- Van Gent M, Ingram JP, Jong A, et al. Epstein–Barr virus large tegument protein BPLF1 contributes to innate immune evasion through interference with Toll-like receptor signaling. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(2):el003960. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003960
- Kurosaki T, Kometani K, Ise W. Memory B cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(3):149–159. doi: 10.1038/nri3802
- Marcus A, Raulet DH. Evidence for natural killer cell memory. Curr Biol. 2013;23(17):817–820. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.015
- Bowie A. TRIM-ing down Tolls. Nat Immunol. 2008;9(4):348–350. doi: 10.1038/ni0408-348
- Shroff A, Nazarko TY. The Molecular Interplay between human coronaviruses and autophagy. Cells. 2021;10(8):2022. doi: 10.3390/cells10082022
Supplementary files
