Vol 27, No 2 (2024)
CONDITIONS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF POULATION
Spatial distribution of human resources: education and labor spheres
Abstract
The article discusses current issues of the formation and use of human resources in Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify the parameters of the spatial relationship between the received vocational education and employment in the acquired specialty. The object of the study is the relationship between two spheres of social space: 1) the sphere of education, where the choice of a future specialty and the receipt of vocational education at various levels is fixed, and 2) the sphere of employment, which corresponds or does not correspond to the specialty obtained, and depending on this affects the achievability of the task of human resource development. The empirical basis for the study was data from Rosstat, job search platforms, and sociological surveys from Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM). There is presented the dynamics (2006–2021) of the Russians’ ideas regarding the relationship between the prestige of professions and their profitability. The correspondence of the work performed by Russians with the acquired professional skills was analyzed (by type of settlement and level of education). The conclusion is drawn: the knowledge and skills acquired in the process of education and consolidation of a certain professional level in a specific specialty are either implemented in the economy and contribute to the further formation of human resources (typical of large cities), or the existing knowledge is not used due to employment in the«wrong» specialty. The results obtained have both theoretical and practical significance for scientists, researchers and specialists who deal with the problem of discrepancy between the acquired specialty (as knowledge and skills, which are an essential part of human resources) and the actual work performed in the profession, as well as for various authorities that take part in solving problems of a social and economic nature, in particular: formation of target figures for admission to educational institutions and regulation of the labor market.
Population. 2024;27(2):4-13
4-13
37
Mechanisms for forming trust in the economy: specifics and assessment of the functional state
Abstract
Trust is one of the most significant drivers of economic development, ensuring an increase in the quality of life of the population and its entrepreneurial activity, and a reduction in transaction costs for business entities. The article substantiates the conclusion that trust is formed, on the one hand, under the influence of information, knowledge, and, on the other, by subject’s personal involvement in communication and activity practices. The authors identify the following mechanisms for formation of trust in the transforming economic relations: information-reflexive, communication-interpretive and activity-based. Information-reflexive and value-normative mechanisms ensure accumulation, systematization and personification of knowledge, values, feelings and meanings that determine trusting interactions in economic relations. Communication and interpretation mechanisms ensure reproduction of trust during internalization and application of accumulated knowledge, learned norms, and values in the process of communication interaction between social actors. Activity mechanisms implement a system-forming function in the formation and development of trust, ensuring transformation of assessments and perceptions of the actions of the «other» in the course of joint activities, the effectiveness of which contributes to consolidation of the existing expectations and attitudes towards trust. A survey of experts made it possible to identify the most significant reasons for the lack of trust: geopolitical tensions, structural and systemic imperfections within the spheres of economic relations themselves, impact of sanctions on the functioning of society and the work of various organizations, and uncertainty of the future. The article presents expert assessments of the functional state of trust formation mechanisms: information-reflexive (3.04 points on a scale from 1 to 5), communication-interpretive (2.92), activity-based (2.8). Details of the experts’ answers illustrate a higher role of educational institutions and professional online communities in the formation of trust in information and meanings transmitted through unofficial channels (blogs, social networks, independent media).
Population. 2024;27(2):14-25
14-25
Regional priorities in the utilities’ infrastructure upgrading in rural areas for improving quality of life of the population (Part Two)
Abstract
This article considers the problem of rural areas’ significant lagging behind urban territories of the Russian Federation in terms of the utilities’ infrastructure development that comprises water supply, sewage systems, heating and gas supply. We use for our analysis six indicators from the Rosstat surveys entitled «The Comprehensive Monitoring of the Living Conditions of the Population» as of 2014 and 2022 reflecting access of ca. 18.5 thousand households in rural settlements of 82 regions of the Russian Federation (excluding three federal cities) to water pipelines, hot water supply, up-to-date sewage systems, availability of up-to-date toilets, heating systems as well as gas supply. Part One of the article shows that the rural households’ quality of life is lagging behind that of urban ones most considerably in terms of access to sewage systems (50,6 percentage points (pp) less households across all the country), up-to-date toilets (29,3 pp less) and hot water supply (21,0 pp less). The Central and North Caucasian federal districts are the leaders by average indicators while the Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts critically fall behind the other federal districts by the degree of development of the utilities’ infrastructure. The largest gap between urban and rural areas in average terms exists in such regions of the Russian Federation as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Komi Republic, Irkutsk Oblast, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Tuva, the Republic of Karelia, the Republic of Buryatia, Amur Oblast, Tyumen Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. In Part One and Part Two of the article, we present six classifications with six groups of regions of the Russian Federation by the degree of lagging of rural settlements behind urban areas by each component of the utilities’ infrastructure under consideration. Part Two of the article presents a method and calculations of values of the composite index of the utilities’ infrastructure underdevelopment in rural areas for 82 regions of the Russian Federation. Based on the results obtained, we compose a typology encompassing seven types of regions of the Russian Federation that may serve as a foundation for setting or adjusting regional priorities of the state programmes aimed at developing components of the utilities’ infrastructure in rural areas.
Population. 2024;27(2):26-40
26-40
Labor market in the professional segment of personnel management: current state and development prospects
Abstract
Labor market is a complex system of interacting entities pursuing their goals within a framework that exists within strict normative boundaries. At the same time, it is actively changing under the influence of innovations, trends, and external shocks. These processes are especially heterogeneous in separate professional segments that have different degrees of liability. One of the important and, as the study showed, large segments is the professional sphere of personnel management. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of the labor market in this professional segment, describe the characteristics of its subjects and their interests, and highlight the prospects for development and emergence of new professions. The study is based on a set of methods that were used during the implementation of monitoring of the Russian labor market in the personnel management segment for 2019–2021: analysis of Headhunter data, expert interviews, analyses of documents, expert interviews with managers and personnel management specialists. The study showed that the studied segment of the labor market is represented by able-bodied employed population of about 1 million people. The qualitative and quantitative structure of this segment has changed over several years under the impact of external factors, as well as development of the personnel management function at domestic enterprises. The labor market in this segment is partially balanced, there are several discrepancies in supply and demand, but it is still an employer’s market. The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant impact on this segment of the labor market; this can be explained by the inertia of employers and a rollback of indicators to the pre-COVID stage due to the return to normal operating modes.
Population. 2024;27(2):41-55
41-55
Influence of the information stress on the degree of adaptation of region’s population
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in social stress and tension in society as a result of high information pressure due to a number of negative socio-economic events, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, sanctions, economic instability and rising prices in the country, psychological overload of the population due to high life dynamics. The information wave can influence not only the external behavior of people, but also bring to life destructive behavioral technologies, exacerbate existing diseases and contribute to the emergence of new ones. The article is devoted to the study of the impact of increased information stress on the deterioration of public health. The authors highlight the essence of the concept of «information stress», which is the most important factor influencing the success of adaptation processes in modern society. The mechanisms of changing the behavior of the population (adaptability, stress resistance and anxiety) aimed at the successful realization of human life in the modern world are considered. On this basis, a methodology has been developed to assess the level of exposure to information stress, stress tolerance of the population in regions using the total anxiety index and the integral index of socially significant diseases (newly and repeatedly diagnosed mental disorders, alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis, drug addiction). The typology of regions according to the level of anxiety of the population, stress resistance to information events in the country is carried out. There are identified three types of regions: maladapted, adapting and adapted regions. In 2022, most regions (55) were classified as adapting regions with average incidence rate and average level of anxiety. Only 7 regions were classified as adapted regions, mainly the regions of the North Caucasus. 12 regions were classified as maladapted. The most maladjusted regions are Moscow, Perm Krai, Arkhangelsk Oblast, and the Republic of Karelia. The main results of the study can be used in development of measures in the field of public health promotion.
Population. 2024;27(2):56-70
56-70
DEMOGRAHFY: THEORY AND PRACTICE ISSUES
Population balance of the regions of Russia in 1992–2023 and census corrections
Abstract
Demographic balance of the regions of Russia for 1992–2023 is constructed, taking into account and highlighting the amendments of the 2002, 2010 and 2021 population censuses of Russia. At the regional level, the adjustments were three times higher, with a total of 13.1 million people in absolute terms. 8.7 million people were added to one part of the country’s regions, 4.4 million people were taken away from the other. For most regions of the country these amendments were of «migratory origin.» At the regional level, 4.3 million people are corrections from abroad and clarification of the current population records partially missing in the 1990s and early 2000s in several North Caucasian republics, and 8.7 million people are two halves of 4.35 million people of the interregional migration increase and decline. The article identifies groups of regions according to the growth or decrease in the number of resident population for 32 post-Soviet years, as well as according to the structure of the components of demographic balance and the direction of census corrections (positive or negative). As a rule, correlation between the components of demographic balance and demographic adjustments is interrelated. If a region is an interregional migration recipient at the federal or local level, then, as a rule, its census corrections are positive. If a region has a negative demographic situation and is the main interregional migration donor of the country, then its census corrections are negative. Population censuses in the Russian Federation only exacerbate the picture of differentiation in the demographic development of Russia’s territories. More and more people are concentrated in a few macro-regions and local centers of the European part of the country, and the European North and the Asian part of the county, primarily the Far East, continue to be exposed.
Population. 2024;27(2):71-82
71-82
Review of studies on the age structure of population in Russian literature
Abstract
The article provides a review of scientific research in the field of the age structure of population conducted in Russia from 2000 to 2022. The empirical basis consists of articles published on the website elibrary.ru. The study was conducted using bibliometric analysis, which is one of the most useful tools for studying information flow. The total sample size was 2248 scientific articles. It was found out that most of the publications (42%) belong to the field of medicine and health. Dynamics of the publication activity on the age structure of population demonstrated an upward trend. In the period 2000–2022 the number of scientific articles in this field increased by 72 times. The leaders in the number of publications are the journals «Social Aspects of Public Health» (65 publications) and«Medical and Social Issues of Disability» (40 articles). The leader among the scientific organizations actively studying the age structure of population is the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCTAS RAS) with 82 works. The main specialists in the field of the age structure of population have been identified. Four main areas of research are identified (population aging, medical sphere, regional issues, migration). The results of this study can be used to improve the information support of specialists involved in studying the age structure of population, strengthen the scientific communication between researchers in various fields and improve the work of scientific organizations.
Population. 2024;27(2):83-95
83-95
Analysis of the ecological vulnerability of the Krasnodar Krai population using a multifactor demographic model
Abstract
In a global context, the complex concept of disaster risk, vulnerability and risk has changed over the past twenty years. However, its methods and models are being developed at different levels in foreign countries and Russia. In this article, the authors examine current issues related to assessing the environmental vulnerability of Russians during river floods in the South. An example of ten model subjects from Krasnodar Krai located in the Kuban River basin is used to test the Multifactor Demographic Environmental Vulnerability Model. Vulnerability assessment algorithm consists of three interconnected blocks: variable selection and calculation; developing a ranking matrix for obtained quantitative indicators, calculated individually for each model subject (municipality) using a unified methodology and creating a cartographic spatial model ranking the environmental vulnerability of the model subjects. The QGIS geographic information system was used to create a cartographic model of the spatial distribution of vulnerable population groups. There are two factors in the model: demographics (including persons aged 0 to 19 years and those aged 65 and older, and persons with disabilities, i.e., the proportion of disabled individuals, type of residential premises occupied and household composition, and lack of familiarity with the location of residence) and socioeconomics (low-income groups, dependents, telecommunications, and level of education). Areas (Armavir and Krasnodar municipalities, Krymsk and Ust-Labinsk rayons) and populations (elderly, individuals with disabilities, and one-person households in an individual house, and households in an individual house) that are most vulnerable were identified. The results obtained may contribute to improving the efficiency of management decisions at the county level taken by emergency management authorities, demographic policy, spatial planning and urban development, health, and social protection, to reduce the risk of disasters from floods.
Population. 2024;27(2):96-110
96-110
Fertility of the population of Russian regions in the late 20th and early 21st centuries: trends, features and consequences
Abstract
The collapse of the USSR and the transformation of many spheres of socio-economic life in one way or another influenced the demographic processes in Russia. But, unlike migration and mortality, the level and dynamics of fertility were significantly influenced by purely demographic factors — two demographic waves that arose as a result of the decline in fertility in 1942–1944, and as a result of the active demographic policy in the 1980s. In the 1990s there was a significant reduction in the main parameters determining both absolute and relative fertility rates, as well as age-specific fertility rates, which became the main causes of the decline in fertility in the 1990s. The article shows that the reduction of total fertility rates (TFR) was going with different intensity in different regions of Russia. Analysis of the changes shows that the more significant TFR was in 1990, the more it decreased by the end of the 1990s. Conversely, the lower the indicators in regions, the more insignificantly their values changed. It was found that in 1990 3/4 of all regions of the country had TFR values exceeding 1.8, then by 1999, as a result of the widespread reduction, their bulk moved to the minimum values. There is given a detailed analysis of the regional structure of TFR, shown a reduction of the indicators in the 1990s and their increase in the early 21st century, relationship of TFR rates with the size of reduction or increase. In the regions of the central part of Russia, there was a relatively greater reduction in TFR against the national average. This affected the number of births in the regions of indigenous Russia, and their share in the Russian population decreased. Another negative phenomenon was reduction of TFR in the Eastern regions of the country, especially in the Far East, which also could not but affect Russia’s national interests.
Population. 2024;27(2):111-124
111-124
Fertility in two capital cities of Russia
Abstract
The article presents a comparative analysis of fertility trends in Moscow and St. Petersburg from 2007 to 2022. This time frame was selected to combine initiation of the «maternity capital» program and the latest data released by Rosstat. The rationale behind choosing these specific cities as the focal points of the research was thoroughly elaborated. There were used different analytical methodologies, including descriptive statistics, variation analysis, assessment of structural changes, and graphical representation. Key similarities and differences in fertility patterns between the two urban centers were carefully examined. The study substantiates a notable resurgence of traditional values, as evidenced by the shifts in registered marriage rates observed in both metropolises. The findings of the study show an increase in the average age of mothers at the birth of the first child in metropolitan settings. These findings may be used in formulation of targeted family planning policies and interventions aimed at bolstering responsible parenting practices and fostering the well-being of mothers and children. Moreover, these findings bear relevance for development of short-term population projections, healthcare planning initiatives, and strategies aimed at solving the social problems connected with the urban population growth and its concomitant effects on societal well-being.
Population. 2024;27(2):125-137
125-137
Dynamics of private households in which from 2002 to 2020 lived one person
Abstract
Against the backdrop of the current demographic situation in Russia today, the state faces the urgent task of developing and implementing measures aimed at increasing the population capable of ensuring defense capability, internal security and effective economic development of our country. In order to study the dynamics of private households in the federal districts of the Russian Federation, in which from 2002 to 2020 lived only one person, there were used analytical, logical, and statistical methods. The initial data on the dynamics of population and the number of households on the territory of the Russian Federation was taken from the data of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, 2010 and 2020 published on the official website of Rosstat. The study found that the number of single-person private households increased by 135.3% from 2002 to 2020. The share of the working age population living in them in 2020 was 57.4% (15850101 people). A significant portion of these individuals have the potential to create new families and have children. Therefore, this reserve should be considered as a priority direction in the family and demographic policy of the state, since throughout the entire historical development of mankind, the family has been an invariable value and to this day retains special significance in society. The main form of work with this population, especially young people, is developing in them a respectful attitude towards family and strengthening family values. This will be facilitated by declaring 2024 the «Year of the Family» in Russia.
Population. 2024;27(2):138-148
138-148
MIGRATION: HISTORY AND MODERNITY
relationship between migration and demographic aging of the population of the RF regions: analysis at the level of age groups
Abstract
The main purpose of the article is to analyze the aging process in the migration context. It provides a brief overview of the main areas of case studies that reveal the relationship between aging and migration: the impact of migration of the working-age population and population aging on the labor market, demographic and social burden, etc. The article discusses methods for assessing the influence of socio-demographic factors on the regional characteristics of the Russian population aging. Using data from Rosstat, we tested the hypotheses of the influence of two migration effects that slow down (compensate) the process of demographic aging: 1) high migration growth slows down the rate of aging, 2) intensive emigration of the elderly population helps to slow down the process of demographic aging and allows regions to remain in the group of the least «old ones.» At the same time, the initial hypothesis that the regions with migration growth will maintain a younger age composition was not confirmed. On the contrary, the highest positive migration growth is characteristic of the oldest regions. This is explained by the primacy of population reproduction factors (fertility and mortality) — it is they, and not migration, that determine the age composition of the population and its changes in dynamics (as opposed to the rate of aging). The relationships between life expectancy and population aging by region, changes in the proportion of older people depending on migration growth have been identified, and a typology of regions has been developed based on the rate of aging and migration growth. The dependence of the rate of population aging by region on the level of separate macroeconomic indicators is considered.
Population. 2024;27(2):149-164
149-164
Migration trends in Transbaikalia: a retrospective analysis
Abstract
The vast territories of Transbaikalia have been traditionally characterized by a low population density. More than one generation of rulers tried to solve the problem of depopulation of the eastern outpost of the Russian state at different times and in different ways. The change in the political regime, the influence of socio-economic factors in different periods contributed to transformation of the forms of stimulating migration from the central regions of Russia, however, the content and logic of this process varied in line with the stabilization of the demographic situation on the eastern borders of the country. Within the framework of the article, an attempt is made to comprehend the migration trends characteristic of Transbaikalia in different historical periods, namely, in the imperial (from the annexation of the territories of Eastern Siberia to the Russian Empire), Soviet and post-Soviet (up to the present). The determinants of migration flows, the range of reasons for them are considered. There is reflected the strategic importance of Transbaikalia for the Russian statehood, which is transformed over time under the influence of changes in political regimes, ideological superstructures, as well as world integration and globalization processes. The authors analyze the trend, found at different stages of the historical process, characterized by a «turn to the East» of the foreign policy of the Russian state, providing for involvement of the territories of Transbaikalia in international economic, intercultural processes, that contributed to intensification of the migration flows.
Population. 2024;27(2):165-178
165-178
Border effect in assessing the immigration impact on drug crime in Russian regions
Abstract
The subject of the study is demographic and socio-economic factors influencing drug crimes in Russian regions. The goal is to econometrically assess the impact of various types of immigration, as well as some other factors, on drug crime in Russian regions, taking into account their border status. We tested three hypotheses: H1) increasing immigration rises the level of drug crimes in Russian regions; H2) the border status of regions is a factor increasing the number of crimes connected with drug trafficking; H3) the effect of immigration in border regions on the level of drug crimes is higher than in non-border regions. We used panel data from 2009–2020 for 83 regions of the Russian Federation. To eliminate the problem of cross-sectional dependence of the data, standard errors were recalculated using the Driscoll-Kraay method. The dependent variable is the share of registered crimes related to drug trafficking in the total number of registered crimes in the region. Three immigration indicators are used: intraregional, interregional and international. Control variables reflect economic development, age-specific unemployment rates, and divorce rates. Included are a binary variable for the region’s border status, and a cross-sectional variable as the product of the binary variable and immigration. The results of the analysis allow us to accept all our hypotheses. We have found that an increase in international immigration on average leads to an increase in drug crime in Russian regions by 0.03%. However, it has been established that interregional immigration has a greater impact on drug crimes across regions on the whole (an increase of 0.05%). Inclusion of a cross-sectional variable in the regressions made it possible to detect the border effect for each type of immigration and establish that in border regions the influence of immigration increases the share of such crimes more strongly. It has been confirmed that divorces and unemployment among the young population aggravate the situation with drug crime. The obtained results may be useful in developing a system of measures to combat drug crimes in various regions, including migration policy.
Population. 2024;27(2):179-193
179-193
SCIENTIFIC LIFE AT ISESP FCTAS RAS
VII International scientific and practical conference — Rimashevskaya readings «saving russian population: health, employment, standards and quality of life»
Population. 2024;27(2):194-200
194-200
XIII International Grushin sociological conference «Russian society in conditions of uncertainty: adaptation problems, paradoxes of trust, and search for development sources»
Population. 2024;27(2):201-206
201-206
Articles
Leonid Leonidovich Rybakovsky passed away
Population. 2024;27(2):207-207
207-207