Population
ISSN (print): 1561-7785, ISSN (online): 3034–2252
Publication frequency: Quarterly. Founded in 1996.
Editor-in-Chief - Vyacheslav V. Lokosov, Dr. Sci. (Sociol.), Prof.
Publisher: ISESP FCTAS RAS
Indexation: WoS RSCI, RSCI, VAK RF
Double blind peer review
Open Access
Subscription index in the Ural-Press catalogue of periodicals: 79183
Тhe journal “Narodonaselenie” (Population) has been published since 1996. It was founded by a prominent Russian scholar, RAS Corresponding Member Natalia M. Rimashevskaya (1932-2017). Its publisher of the journal is the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISESP FCTAS RAS) – one of the leading Russian research institutes focused on demographic and socio-economic issues. Founder of the journal is FCTAS RAS.
The purpose of the journal is disseminating the results of studies in the spheres of demography, economy and sociology in compliance with the international standards of scientific knowledge, norms of internal expertise in the academic community; maintaining scientific communication in the sphere of social sciences and education in the humanities in Russia and abroad.
The Editorial Board of the journal is functioning in accordance with the norms and international standards set by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) (Code of conduct for journal editors Mar11.pdf.)
The main body of the journal consists of articles dealing with the issues of demography, migration and settlement, human and labor potential, social structure and social mobility, employment and economic behavior, standards and quality of life of population, as well as social sphere branches (education, health care, social support, culture, etc.) and social policy on the whole. The published articles address the situation not only in the Russian Federation and its regions, but in the states of near and far abroad. Besides, there are regularly published reviews of the scientific events held by FCTAS RAS or with its participation – international and national conferences, seminars, round tables as well as information of the Dissertation Board about the defended Candidate’s and Doctor’s theses by specializations specializations “Sociology”, “Demography” and “Regional and Branch Economics”. Along with FCTAS RAS research fellows, among the authors are widely represented specialists from other scientific organizations and higher education establishments of Russia and foreign countries, as well as of Federal and regional authorities. This allows providing readers not only with the results of conducted studies, but with different methodological and methodical approaches, points of view on solving socio-economic problems on the above topics.
For 20 years of existence the journal has established itself as an academic publication offering deep and diverse articles on the topical issues of demography and socio-economic problems of population. It is registered in the national bibliographical data base “Russian Scientific Citation Index (RSCI)”, included the by the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles in the list of Russian peer-reviewed scientific journals, publication in which is required for defense of Candidate’s and Doctor’s theses, as well as in the Russian Science Citation Index on the Web of Science platform (WoS RSCI).
From the year 2012 the journal has taken the leading positions on the subject “Demography” in the SCIENCE INDEX RSCI ranking. On the RSCI website are presented full texts of all journal issues since 2010. Since 2017 all articles are assigned DOI.
The journal “Narodonaselenie” is distributed by subscription, mailed to libraries of Russian universities and higher education establishment chairs training specialists in the field of socio-economic sciences, it is an open access journal.
The journal seeks not only to reproduce the examples of knowledge that are considered normative and the norms of internal expertize accepted in the academic community, but to improve them if possible. Following these rules, strict selection and accepting for press only part of the submitted materials allow the journal “Narodonaselenie” to make contribution to improvement of the quality of socio-economic studies.
Current Issue
Vol 27, No 4 (2024)
DEMOGRAHFY: THEORY AND PRACTICE ISSUES
Reproduction of the population of the regions of Russia in 1992–2024: results, components, factors
Abstract
The subject of the study is reproduction of the permanent population of Russian regions as a whole for 1992–2024 and its main components. The object is permanent population of Russian regions as a whole. The purpose of the study is to identify among all regions of Russia as a whole for 33 years the groups that are typical in terms of the relative parameters of population reproduction in them and in terms of their components — factors of this process. Research methods — demographic statistical analysis, construction of relative indicators for a correct interregional comparison. The source of statistics for calculations is Rosstat data. Research results: Russian regions ranked according to the relative level of population reproduction — the vitality index and its components — factors. 7 groups of territories were identified, of which only one did not experience depopulation for 33 years. The remaining groups include regions from the most demographically disadvantaged to those teetering on the brink of depopulation and natural increase. Components — factors explain the current situation in each of the groups. Regions with a high level of socio-economic development compensate for the natural losses with interregional and foreign migration, replenishing their gender and age structure primarily with young population, and the level of depopulation in them is moderate. Other territories of the Russian Federation, losing their young population through migration, only exacerbate the depopulation. The «mild» level of depopulation in Asian Russia is explained, among other things, by the low proportion of the population aged 65 and older. One of the factors for this is a significant outflow of the population of working age and retirement age, especially in the 1990s.
Population. 2024;27(4):4-17
4-17
Regional characteristics of migration age structure in the Russian Far East
Abstract
The relevance of the research is due to the large role of migration in population formation in the Far East of Russia against the background of its continuing decline. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of target groups including certain age groups of the permanent population and migrants increases the effectiveness of migration policy enhancing its targeting. The article is based on a demographic approach, which allows us to assess changes and the relationship of the main demographic characteristics of different categories of the population of the Russian Far East. The purpose of the research is to study the age profile of migrants and the impact of migration on the age structure of the permanent population of the regions of the Far East at the present stage. The empirical base is the array of secondary data from Rosstat for 2018–2022 with details by age, subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District and territories of the origin and destination of migrants. To process the data, the authors use statistical methods: analysis of absolute and relative values, calculation of coefficients, cluster analysis. The selected groups of regions reflect general trends and specific features in the migration of population in different ages: the level of territorial mobility, volumes and directions of movements, the effectiveness of these processes, the degree of their influence on the age structure of the resident population. The results obtained made it possible to identify regional features of the migration age profile in the Far Eastern Federal District and assess its role in the formation of the permanent population, as well as formulate a number of hypotheses regarding the likely factors determining the intensity and directions of population movements of different age groups in the considered regions of the Far East. It is shown that most regions, regardless of the effectiveness of migration processes, are united by the departure of young people aged 15–19 years, the influx of the population at young working age (20–24 years and older), and the intensive outflow of migrants of pre-retirement and retirement age after completion of their working career.
Population. 2024;27(4):18-33
18-33
On the issue of fertility research in the USSR in the 1960s–1980s
Abstract
The article examines the formation and development of the main areas of research on the birth rate of the population in the Soviet Union in the specified time frame. To this end, the historical continuity of this process and the problems that were posed at its various stages are shown. The formation of new approaches and methods for studying fertility is shown. The article analyzes the change in theoretical approaches, including the reasons for the transition from the socialist law of population to the methodology of demographic transition. Starting from the 1930s and up to the end of the 1950s, a detailed study of demographic issues was not welcomed by the state authorities for domestic political reasons. Research on demographic problems intensified only after the All-Union Census of 1959. The first works related to the period under consideration appeared already in the 1960s. The research was carried out in the context of the socialist population law, according to which the birth rate in socialist countries should have been higher than in capitalist ones. In subsequent years, the nature of the development of demographic processes in the USSR called this to question. By the end of the 1960s, the study of fertility began to move more into the practical plane, and some scientists began to avoid theoretical issues. In the 1970s, the number of publications increased significantly. In this decade, works were published that left a deep mark on the history of the study of the problem. The monograph of A. G. Vishnevsky played an important role in the development of the theory of fertility research. The non-formational interpretation of the history of demographic processes was a big step forward in the Soviet demographic science. In the 1980s, work on the study of fertility was continued, although the intensity of research decreased somewhat. So, a large number of papers were published on fertility of the population in the period under review. Demographers were able to identify the key trends in fertility, but the lengthy discussions of the supporters of formational approach and demographic modernization in Soviet times affected the conceptual understanding of the processes that took place.
Population. 2024;27(4):34-46
34-46
Aspects of the demographic policy of the People’s Republic of China in 1949–2023
Abstract
The article is devoted to the aspects of the demographic policy of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 2023. Based on the population censuses data, legislative acts and the results of a study by Chinese scientists, the author identifies three main periods of birth control policy: 1) from 1949 to the 1970s — absence of a consistent unified state policy in the field of childbearing; 2) from the 1970s to 2015 — birth control, implementation of the course on a one-child family (anti-natalism); 3) from 2015 — lifting of the restrictions on the birth of a second, and from 2021 — the third child in the family, stimulating fertility (pronatalism). Family planning has had a positive impact on the economic development of the Chinese society and improvement of the quality of life of people. In addition to the positive aspects, the current demographic situation in China is characterized by a number of problems, of which the most relevant are aging of the population, gender imbalance and decrease in the share of people of working age. Changes in the population structure caused changes in the demographic policy of the People’s Republic of China: the transition from anti-natalism to pronatalism. Currently, the State is foced on developing a set of legislative, socio-economic, cultural and educational measures aimed at providing material support to families with children, expanding the network of preschool institutions, increasing the duration of maternity leave, and promoting traditional family values. The amount of social assistance depends on the number of children in the family and expands with the birth of each subsequent child. The author believes that in the future it will be possible not only to increase measures to stimulate fertility, but also to expand assistance to single-child families, improve the qualitative characteristics of the population, that ultimately should alleviate the current problems of population aging, gender imbalance and decrease in the proportion of people of working age.
Population. 2024;27(4):47-58
47-58
Perpectives on disability as a demographic issue, based on the results of a study in China, South Korea and Japan
Abstract
One of the challenges that developed countries are facing is the population decline, resulting in shrinking economies and labor shortages for some time now, and one of the solutions is employing women, elderly, and people with disabilities. But what does it mean to hire people with disabilities? The 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is well known for forcing a paradigm shift in state parties from the previously dominant ‘medical model’ of disability to a ‘social model’. Since the conclusion of the Convention, three Northeast Asian countries (China, Japan and South Korea) have taken measures to implement the principles set forth in the Convention. To study the results of the efforts, in this report (1) we try to find out what measures the countries have taken to implement the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities («Article 8 Awareness Raising» from the Comprehensive Report) and how they have been evaluated by the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2) Secondly, we conducted our own questionnaire survey based on the research above. The purpose of the survey is to find out what attitudes are formed among residents of the three countries towards people with disabilities. The paradigm shift to one in which disabilities are a social issue rather than an individual issue is confronting each of us with the question of how we should view disability. Even among the three countries, that are closely related culturally and economically, there were significant differences in the perception of disability and the extent to which ‘medical model’ was upheld. How should each of the three countries respond to current situation? It is expected that efforts to address the problem stated (1) will continue in the future, but if incremental improvements can improve the labor market and create an environment where people with disabilities can play an active role in the workforce, it may help address labor shortages.
Population. 2024;27(4):59-72
59-72
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF RUSSIAN REGIONS
Unemployment and GRP production losses assessment in Russian regions
Abstract
The paper analyzes duration of the search for work by the unemployed and presents estimation of the GRP losses in production in Russian regions. Losses in GRP production are calculated taking into account the output per 1 employed in terms of the number of unemployed who retain their status for more than 6 months. This allows us to assess the economic consequences of unemployment connected with the most dangerous — long-term — unemployment. There is significant regional differentiation both in terms of the scale of long-term unemployment and of output per one employed, while the unemployment rate in our country is declining. The analysis was made according to the data from the «Labor Force Surveys» of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. The largest share of unemployed with a job search duration of more than six months is recorded in the republics of the North Caucasus Federal District, and losses in the production as a percentage of GRP are in the Republic of Ingushetia (in 2021, the losses made more than 21%). Minimal losses are registered in St. Petersburg. Although the unemployment in our country is declining, in many regions the share of unemployed with job search duration of more than six months remains significant and amounts to more than 40% of the unemployed, and in some regions it increased in 2023. So that these short-term changes do not lead to an increase in long-term unemployment in these and in other regions, as well as, accordingly, to an increase in losses in the production of gross product and an increase in tension in the labor market in the context of digitalization, it is necessary to continue paying attention to this problem and implement measures to stimulate and motivate these unemployed, as well as a potential labor force, to move into the category of employed population.
Population. 2024;27(4):73-85
73-85
Assessment of socio-ecological-economic features of the current state of the steppe areas of the Trans-Urals and the south of Western Siberia
Abstract
To identify the prospects for expanding interstate cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to assess the socio-ecological and economic state of the border regions of the Trans-Urals and the south of Western Siberia. First of all, conditions should be created in the Russian Federation that will favour development of human capital and stop the outflow of population from the border territories of the country, which is possible provided that the socio-ecological and economic indicators of the regions of the country are superior to neighboring foreign territories. To assess the prospects for interstate cooperation in the regions under consideration, it is necessary to analyze the indicators characterizing the state of their economy, social sphere and environmental situation. To achieve this goal, the article uses statistical and mathematical-statistical (principal component method, iterative cluster method) methods. The analysis showed that the border regions of the Trans-Urals and the south of Western Siberia are characterized by a flow of the working-age population to cities, which is connected with the growth of manufacturing industries. Even with a low rural population density, these regions make a significant contribution to the food supply of the subjects of the Russian Federation and adjacent territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan that increases the value of the human capital of these regions. To comprehensively display the socio-ecological-economic state on the basis of 13 indicators, three integral indicators have been developed that characterize regions according to the level of socio-ecological and economic development. The analysis showed that in terms of socio-economic potential for interregional and interstate cooperation, the most promising are Tyumen, Novosibirsk oblasts and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The most depressed among the regions under consideration is Kurgan Oblast, where it is necessary to adjust measures to improve the demographic condition, economic development and social sphere. The results of the study can be used to develop a program for sustainable development of territories, both at the regional and federal levels.
Population. 2024;27(4):86-100
86-100
Socio-cultural factors in the formation of educational potential of the regions of North Caucasus
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to identify motives, value and behavioral attitudes, and preferences that have an impact on the development of the educational potential of the population of the North Caucasus. The main problems of accessibility and quality in obtaining education at different stages of its formation are identified, and the influence of the family’s economic, social and cultural resources on educational trajectories is assessed. A study of the educational components of human potential in the system of sociodemographic, economic and labor behavior of the population was carried out in the southern national regions of Russia through an online survey «Identifying the characteristics of the sociodemographic, economic and labor behavior of the population». An analysis of the influence of motives, value and behavioral attitudes, preferences in the formation and development of the educational potential of the population of the southern regions of Russia is provided. It is shown that sociocultural factors have a decisive influence on the educational trajectories of families. The results of this survey revealed a clear redesignation, reformulation by today’s public opinion of the hierarchy of motivations for higher education. Taking into account the results obtained during the survey, directions for the development of the region’s educational potential were formulated, aimed at improving the quality and practical value of educational programs and developing priority areas of training. It is concluded that to improve the education system, an integrated approach is needed, affecting all levels — from school to higher and additional education. The key aspects of the formation of programs for the development of educational potential are the practice-oriented nature of training, the availability of quality education for all categories of the population, taking into account ethnocultural diversity and focus on areas of personnel training that are priority areas for the development of the region.
Population. 2024;27(4):101-113
101-113
Living standards in the Far Eastern region: approaches to monitoring and reducing imbalances
Abstract
Ensuring uniform standards of living is among the priorities of the socio–economic policy of state, but lack of unified approaches to assessing and measuring the standards of living poses a significant challenge in achieving this goal. The study aims to develop a comprehensive monitoring and assessment system for living standards based on dynamic regulation and system analysis of socio-economic indicators. The purpose of this work is developing and testing a methodology for a systematic analysis of living standards using the example of regions in the Far East. A comprehensive approach to understanding the relationship between the indicators characterizing living standards and functioning of the socio-economic system has been developed, including 9 indicators based on basic poverty theories. Based on this approach, four graphs have been developed to illustrate the relationship between these indicators. These graphs help to identify trends and patterns in living standards, as well as provide a basis for policy recommendations to improve the standard of living in these regions. Based on graphs, indicators of the standard of living for the regions of the Far East were calculated using the dynamic standard method, According to the same methodology, a comparison with all-Russian indicators was carried out, for which an automated complex for assessing the standard of living was developed. There were identified the causes of differences in the living standards compared to the potentially possible ones through analysis of inversions and the origin of these disparities in the socio-economic system (internal or external factors). The most common problems leading to lower standards of living in the Far East include low incomes with a high rate of price increase, low economic productivity, and/or a large proportion of the informal sector, as well as insufficient availability of social infrastructure. It has been found out that Chukotka AO, the Jewish AO, Magadan Oblasts, Sakhalin Oblast, and Khabarovsk Krai have the worst standards of living. The ways to improve this situation are offered.
Population. 2024;27(4):114-127
114-127
LABOR MARKET AND HUMAN RESOURCES POTENTIAL
Urban youth’s views about career opportunities and relations in the field of labor
Abstract
The article is devoted to the ideas and stereotypes of Russian youth about the possibilities of upward mobility and relations with employers in the labor market. Based on the results of the author’s sociological research (three measurements carried out with an interval of one year from February 2022 to February 2024), it was found out: firstly, that no more than one in two employed young people works in his specialty and is satisfied with payment of his work; secondly, the absolute majority of young people surveyed admit that in Russia it is definitely or rather possible to achieve the position of a specialist, a leading specialist and a lower–level manager without resorting to «connections», whereas in relation to higher positions — middle and senior managers — their confidence decreases markedly; thirdly, negative stereotypes prevail among people concerning labor relations, especially with regard to pay equity and the employer’s interest in developing the competencies of the employees. Using the method of correlation analysis, it was found that the ideas about the labor market have a significant relationship with the trust in the information agenda about the state of affairs in the national economy and its prospects. Attention is drawn to the fact that the information agenda contributes to over-optimistic expectations about the labor market among unemployed young people, which subsequently — if these expectations are likely to fail — can negatively affect the quality of their work and loyalty to the employer. It is concluded that, despite their cultural conditionality, young people’s ideas about labor relations can be changed for the better, but for this, employers should promote openness of the financial and economic processes in the organization, development of the intellectual potential of young employees, as well as their involvement in more responsible value creation processes.
Population. 2024;27(4):128-139
128-139
Scientific approaches to development of human resources in the capital’s healthcare: 5 years of research experience
Abstract
The key condition for providing timely and high-quality medical care is availability of a sufficient number of qualified medical personnel. At the same time, a common problem for modern healthcare systems is staff shortage and, as a consequence, high workload on medical personnel, associated with the risk of medical errors and professional burnout. Another problem is related to development of medical technologies and equipment, as well as digitalization of many processes, which requires health workers to constantly expand their competencies. Hence the need to find solutions regarding, firstly, attracting and stimulating medical personnel, secondly, reducing the workload on medical and nursing staff and, thirdly, improving professional skills of medical specialists. The article provides an overview of the areas of scientific studies that, in order to solve these problems within the Moscow state healthcare system, are carried out under the auspices of the Research Institute of Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of the Department of Healthcare of the City of Moscow. The article presents results of the studies concerning quality of medical education; development of the mentoring system; work of institutes for assessing qualifications of medical specialists; enhancing the role and expanding the functions of nurses; use of employees without medical education in medical organizations; trajectories of professional and career growth of medical specialists; developing competencies for working with patients of different ethnocultural and religious affiliations; increasing the efficiency of supporting patients with several chronic diseases; the role of medical workers in shaping the population’s commitment to the principles of a healthy lifestyle; working conditions and personnel movement in the capital’s healthcare; assessing the intellectual potential of medical organizations.
Population. 2024;27(4):140-152
140-152
Demographic measures for labor market regulation in North Ossetia
Abstract
The article is devoted to the substantiation of the need to take into account the influence of the demographic factor at the stage of developing priority regulatory legal acts in the field of socio-economic development, and first of all, in the field of labor market regulation, advisability of their maximum subordination to the interests of regional demographic policy. This need is especially acute in regions with a compicated demographic situation. Analysis of the relevant statistical materials shows that the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania belongs to such regions. According to Rosstat, the republic is consistently in the category of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in which the population is declining both due to natural decline and due to a negative migration balance. According to experts, it is impossible to improve the parameters of natural and mechanical population movement taking into account implementation of only special projects, programs and strategies. An important aspect of solving these problems is demographic examination of the normative acts regulating certain areas of public life in the region. With the help of demographic examination, it is possible to find out to what extent the demographic characteristics of the region, trends and prospects for population reproduction and its individual segments were taken into account when preparing regulatory legal acts. Accordingly, it provides an opportunity to make timely changes to certain acts. During the examination, there is also given a professional assessment of the possible impact of the implemented special projects, programs and strategies on the characteristics of population reproduction. Such examination has not been conducted in most regions of Russia, including North Ossetia.
Population. 2024;27(4):153-162
153-162
MODERN RUSSIAN FAMILY
Transformation of the institution of family in the regions of the South of Russia: factors, trends and specifics
Abstract
The relevance of the research topic is due to the key role of the institution of family in preserving the integrity and vitality of society, especially during periods of radical transformations of the social system. The purpose of the study is to identify the main trends in the transformation of the basic characteristics of the family institution (sex and age hierarchy in the family, gender division of household labor, reproduction of norms of gender ethnoetiquette, gender roles) as the social order and sociocultural values in society change. The work makes an attempt to holistically comprehend sociocultural risks, challenges and prospects for the further evolution of family relationships in the context of changing technological and axiological structures of Russian society. The study was focused on the contradictions between the traditional and innovative models of organizing family and marriage relations, determined by the influence of such factors as globalization, urbanization, virtualization of social interactions, transformation of the value orientations of youth and emancipation of women. The article highlights discussion of the scientific community about the nature of the transformation of the family institution in modern Russia, and two main approaches are considered: the crisis approach which interprets changes as degradation of the traditional family model, and the evolutionary, which sees them as a natural adaptive process. The author notes the possibility of synthesizing the approaches within the framework of a synergetic paradigm that considers transformation of the family as a transitional process of an open, self-organizing system. An analysis of the characteristics of the transformation of gender behavior models in modern families of national regions of the South of Russia was carried out. Based on the comparative sociological studies of 2010 and 2023 there are considered the changes in gender attitudes and practices of the population in the field of family and marriage relations. The author revealed preservation of the traditional patriarchal type of gender culture in Dagestan and Ingushetia, formation of the transitional type in Kabardino-Balkaria and Adygea, dominance of the relatively egalitarian model in Rostov Oblast and Stavropol Krai. There is recorded a gradual weakening of the influence of ethno-cultural traditions and patriarchal norms on the regulation of gender interaction in the family, and a growing demand for parity among women. The conclusion is drawn about the heterogeneous, multifactor nature of the transformation of the gender order in typologically different sub-regions of the South of Russia.
Population. 2024;27(4):163-178
163-178
Pressed for time: factors influencing child care based on time budgets
Abstract
In the context of modern socio-economic changes and transformations of family structures, it is important to understand, how parents divide their time between housework, childcare and other activities in order to provide the necessary support to families. The article is based on the «Sample survey of the use of daily time by the population» conducted by Rosstat in 2019. To identify the factors influencing the time devoted to housework and child care, the experience of approximately seven thousand families with minor children was analyzed. Through a series of regression models built for each spouse in the context of weekdays and weekends, it has been shown that having small children (up to 1.5 years) significantly increases men’s time spent on household work on weekdays, mainly due to child care, and with the growth of the younger child, these costs decrease. For women, with an increase in the number of children under 18 years of age, the total time spent on household work increases, while the time spent on childcare decreases and the time spent on housekeeping increases. Living in rural areas and lack of higher education reduce the time spent on child care, but do not affect the total amount of household work. The effect of employment on the time devoted to housework is similar for spouses: it decreases if the respondent is employed and increases if the spouse is employed. Analysis of the time spent on selected types of activities on weekends showed similar patterns, but with some differences, emphasizing the specifics of home activities on weekends. The effects of income and employment on weekends follow the weekday trends, but on a smaller scale. A specific feature of the weekend is that female employment reduces the time spent on housework in general and child care, but increases the time spent on housekeeping without taking into account child care, thus compensating for the lack of weekdays.
Population. 2024;27(4):179-191
179-191
SCIENTIFIC LIFE AT ISESP FCTAS RAS
Section “Institution of family in modern Russia: traditions and novations in marital and reproductive behavior, intrafamily relations, and connection of generations” at the XIV International Grushin sociological conference
Population. 2024;27(4):192-197
192-197
Participation of foreign scientists in the ISESP FCTAS RAS regular conferences and publications in the journal “Population” for the period of 2014-2024
Population. 2024;27(4):198-203
198-203