Epidemiology, course and predictors of long-term COVID infection (long COVID): A review

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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a serious challenge to the healthcare system in the 21st century. At present, over 771 million cases have been reported worldwide. Apart from the acute symptoms, many patients experience long-term consequences of the infection, which greatly affect their quality of life. The collection of these long-term effects is called “long COVID.” Therefore, the consequences of COVID-19 must be studied to develop effective strategies for combating them. This review aimed to provide an overview of the history of long COVID and discuss the characteristics of contemporary terminology. This review also presents data on the prevalence of long COVID, primary symptoms, and risk factors and explores potential biomarkers, prognosis, and prospects for subsequent clinical trials.

About the authors

Anna E. Tsygankova

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital No. 2

Author for correspondence.
Email: anna.tsygankova.inf@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3766-1868
SPIN-code: 6583-0476

Assistant at the Department of Infectious Diseases, infectious disease specialist

Russian Federation, 8/2 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow; 28/4-1 Volnaya street, 105187 Moscow

Andrey N. Gerasimov

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology

Email: andr-gerasim@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4549-7172
SPIN-code: 4742-1459
Scopus Author ID: 141741

MD, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Associate Professor

Russian Federation, Moscow

Valerii A. Malov

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: valmalov@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6157-1654
SPIN-code: 4790-8986

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, 8/2 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

Olga V. Darvina

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: oldarmir@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8496-3987
SPIN-code: 1561-9961
Scopus Author ID: 693139

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Russian Federation, 8/2 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

Elena V. Volchkova

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: antononina@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4581-4510
SPIN-code: 3342-4681

MD, Dr. Sci (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, 8/2 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

Vladimir P. Chulanov

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: vladimir@chulanov.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6303-9293
SPIN-code: 2336-4545
Scopus Author ID: 493687

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, 8/2 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

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